[CHAPTER] Preamble
What is the Preamble?|Introductory statement of Constitution|It is the preface that declares the philosophy of the Constitution, it does not grant powers but states the ideals the state must pursue.
What does Preamble explain?|Source, nature, objectives, adoption date|It tells us authority comes from the people, defines India as Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic, lists Justice Liberty Equality Fraternity, and records adoption on 26 November 1949.
Preamble is called what?|Soul / Key / Identity Card of Constitution|Thakurdas Bhargava called it the soul, N.A. Palkhivala called it the identity card because it condenses the whole Constitution into a few lines.
Who called Preamble "Horoscope of Constitution"?|K.M. Munshi|Munshi termed it the political horoscope of our sovereign democratic republic, meaning it predicts the course of Indian democracy; textbooks often misattribute this to Ambedkar.
Is Preamble part of Constitution?|Yes (Kesavananda Bharati Case)|The Supreme Court in 1973 held it is part of the Constitution and can aid interpretation, reversing the earlier Berubari view.
Is Preamble enforceable in court?|No|Courts cannot enforce it directly, you cannot claim a remedy solely for breach of the Preamble.
Nature of Preamble?|Non-justiciable|It has moral and interpretive weight but does not create justiciable rights or duties
⬇⬇ DATES ⬇⬇ | ⬇⬇⬇⬇
Preamble adopted on?|26 November 1949|The Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution including the Preamble on this date, celebrated as Constitution Day.
Constitution enforced on?|26 January 1950|Chosen to honor the 1930 Purna Swaraj declaration, the Constitution came into force and India became a republic.
Objectives Resolution moved on?|13 December 1946|Jawaharlal Nehru moved it in the Constituent Assembly to lay down the aims of constitution-making.
Objectives Resolution adopted on?|22 January 1947|After debate, the Assembly unanimously adopted it, forming the ideological base for the Preamble.
42nd Amendment year?|1976|Passed during the Emergency, it made the only textual change to the Preamble.
Kesavananda Bharati case year?|1973|This landmark case declared the Preamble part of the Constitution and evolved the basic structure doctrine.
Berubari case year?|1960|In Berubari Union, the Court held the Preamble was not part of the Constitution.
LIC of India case year?|1995|The Court reaffirmed the Preamble as an integral part of the Constitution.
⬇⬇ SOURCE OF PREAMBLE ⬇⬇ | ⬇⬇⬇⬇
Preamble based on what?|Objectives Resolution|Nehru's Resolution supplied the language of sovereignty, democracy, justice, liberty, equality and fraternity.
Who moved Objectives Resolution?|Jawaharlal Nehru|As interim leader, he introduced the vision that guided the Drafting Committee.
Constitution derives authority from whom?|People of India|The opening words We the People establish popular sovereignty, not any monarch or external power.
Meaning of "We the People"?|People are ultimate sovereign|It asserts that ultimate legal and political power rests with Indian citizens collectively.
⬇⬇ WORDS OF PREAMBLE ⬇⬇ | ⬇⬇⬇⬇
Nature of Indian state?|Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic|These five adjectives define India's political identity and goals.
Which words added later?|Socialist, Secular, Integrity|They were not in the original 1949 text.
Which amendment added them?|42nd Constitutional Amendment|The 1976 amendment inserted all three to reflect the state's evolving commitments.
Original words before amendment?|Sovereign Democratic Republic|The 1949 Preamble described India only with those three core terms.
⬇⬇ SOVEREIGN ⬇⬇ | ⬇⬇⬇⬇
Meaning of Sovereign?|Independent internally and externally|India can frame its own laws and conduct foreign policy without dictation.
Internal sovereignty means?|Supreme authority inside country|Parliament and the Constitution are supreme over states, groups and individuals.
External sovereignty means?|Free from foreign control|No other country can legally dominate India's decisions.
Does UN membership reduce sovereignty?|No|Joining the UN is voluntary cooperation, India retains the right to accept or reject decisions.
Does Commonwealth membership reduce sovereignty?|No|Commonwealth is a voluntary association of equals, it does not impose legal authority.
⬇⬇ SOCIALIST ⬇⬇|⬇⬇⬇⬇
Socialist added by which amendment?|42nd Amendment|Inserted in 1976 to emphasize socio-economic goals.
Socialist added in which year?|1976|Same as the 42nd Amendment during Emergency.
Type of socialism in India?|Democratic Socialism|It seeks welfare through democratic means, not revolution, blending public and private sectors.
Aim of socialism?|Reduce inequality|The goal is to narrow gaps in income, status and opportunity.
India follows communist socialism?|No|India rejects state ownership of all means of production and one-party rule.
Economic model of India?|Mixed economy|Both public sector and private enterprise coexist under state regulation.
Socialist state implies?|Welfare state|The state actively works to provide basic needs, social security and equitable growth.
⬇⬇ SECULAR ⬇⬇|⬇⬇⬇⬇
Secular added by which amendment?|42nd Amendment|Added in 1976 to make explicit what was already implicit.
Meaning of secularism?|No official religion|The state does not adopt or promote any religion as state religion.
Indian secularism means?|Equal respect to all religions|Called Sarva Dharma Sambhava, the state treats all faiths equally and protects them.
Western secularism means?|Strict separation|As in the US and France, religion and state are kept in watertight compartments.
Type of Indian secularism?|Positive secularism|The state engages with religions to ensure equality and reform, rather than ignoring them.
Articles related to religion?|Articles 25–28|They guarantee freedom of conscience, practice, management of religious affairs, and no religious taxes.
Can state interfere in religion?|Yes, for social reforms|Under Articles 25 and 26 the state can regulate secular activities linked to religion to end evils like untouchability.
⬇⬇ DEMOCRATIC ⬇⬇|⬇⬇⬇⬇
Meaning of democracy?|Government elected by people|Power is exercised by representatives chosen through free elections.
India has direct or indirect democracy?|Indirect democracy|Citizens elect representatives who legislate, not direct voting on laws.
Type of democracy in India?|Parliamentary democracy|Executive is responsible to the legislature, modelled on the British system.
Political democracy means?|Universal Adult Franchise|Every adult citizen has one vote regardless of caste, gender or wealth.
Social democracy means?|Equality in society|Beyond votes, it aims for a life of dignity without discrimination.
Features of democracy?|Elections, rule of law, judiciary|Regular free elections, supremacy of law, independent courts and fundamental rights sustain it.
⬇⬇ REPUBLIC ⬇⬇|⬇⬇⬇⬇
Meaning of republic?|Elected head of state|The head is chosen, not hereditary.
Who is head of Indian state?|President|The President is the constitutional head and symbol of the nation.
Is Indian President directly elected?|No|Elected indirectly by an electoral college of MPs and MLAs.
Republic opposes what?|Hereditary monarchy|It rejects rule by birthright.
Britain republic or monarchy?|Constitutional monarchy|Britain has a hereditary king or queen with powers limited by Parliament.
⬇⬇ JUSTICE ⬇⬇|⬇⬇⬇⬇
Types of justice?|Social, Economic, Political|All three are promised in the Preamble in that order.
Social justice means?|No social discrimination|Aims to end caste, gender and other status-based inequalities.
Economic justice means?|No exploitation|Seeks fair distribution of wealth and decent livelihood.
Political justice means?|Equal political rights|All citizens have equal access to political office and participation.
Justice inspired from where?|Russian Revolution|The idea of socio-economic justice was drawn from the 1917 Soviet Constitution.
⬇⬇ LIBERTY ⬇⬇|⬇⬇⬇⬇
Liberty includes?|Thought, expression, belief, faith, worship|These five freedoms are explicitly listed in the Preamble.
Liberty mainly related to which article?|Article 19|Article 19 guarantees six freedoms including speech and expression, core to liberty.
Is liberty absolute?|No|The Constitution permits limits to protect sovereignty, public order and morality.
Restrictions on liberty?|Reasonable restrictions|Any limit must be by law, proportionate and for specified grounds like security or decency.
⬇⬇ EQUALITY ⬇⬇|⬇⬇⬇⬇
Equality includes?|Status and opportunity|Preamble promises both equal worth and equal chance to develop.
Equality related articles?|Articles 14–18|They cover equality before law, non-discrimination, equal opportunity, abolition of untouchability and titles.
Equality means identical treatment?|No|The Constitution allows classification for valid aims, like reservations for disadvantaged groups.
Equality means?|Equal protection of laws|Likes are treated alike, but the state can make reasonable distinctions to achieve substantive equality.
⬇⬇ FRATERNITY ⬇⬇|⬇⬇⬇⬇
Fraternity means?|Brotherhood|It promotes a sense of common citizenship transcending diversity.
Fraternity ensures?|Dignity and unity|It assures dignity of the individual and unity and integrity of the nation.
Which word added later?|Integrity|Added to strengthen national unity after experiences of secessionist threats.
Integrity added by?|42nd Amendment|Inserted in 1976 along with socialist and secular.
⬇⬇ IMPORTANT CASES ⬇⬇|⬇⬇⬇⬇
Berubari case judgment?|Preamble not part of Constitution|1960 Supreme Court said it was a key to open the mind of framers but not part of the text.
Kesavananda Bharati judgment?|Preamble part of Constitution|1973 Court overruled Berubari and used Preamble to identify basic structure.
Can Preamble be amended?|Yes|It can be amended under Article 368, as done in 1976, provided basic structure is not destroyed.
Basic structure destroyable?|No|Kesavananda held Parliament cannot amend the core identity of the Constitution.
LIC of India case view?|Preamble integral part|1995 judgment reaffirmed Preamble as part of the Constitution and an aid to interpretation.
⬇⬇ FOREIGN SOURCES ⬇⬇|⬇⬇⬇⬇
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity borrowed from?|France|Taken from the French Revolution's motto, reflecting republican ideals.
Justice borrowed from?|Russia/USSR|Social, economic and political justice reflects the Soviet Constitution of 1936.
Parliamentary democracy borrowed from?|Britain|The Westminster model of cabinet responsibility and bicameralism influenced India.
⬇⬇ IMPORTANT ONE-LINERS ⬇⬇|⬇⬇⬇⬇
Father of Indian Constitution?|B. R. Ambedkar|Chairman of Drafting Committee, he piloted the Constitution through the Assembly.
Head of Drafting Committee?|B. R. Ambedkar|Appointed on 29 August 1947, he led the drafting process.
Preamble amendment?|42nd Amendment|The only time the Preamble text was altered.
Preamble source?|Objectives Resolution|Nehru's 1946 Resolution provided its philosophy.
Preamble nature?|Non-justiciable|It guides but cannot be enforced directly.
Preamble keywords mnemonic?|SSSDR|Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic.
Objectives mnemonic?|JJLEF|Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity in that Preamble order.
⬇⬇ TRAP FLASHCARDS ⬇⬇|⬇⬇⬇⬇
Socialist was original word?|No|Added only in 1976, not present in 1949.
Secular was original word?|No|Inserted by 42nd Amendment, though secular intent existed earlier.
Integrity was original word?|No|Added in 1976 to emphasize national unity.
India is direct democracy?|No|India practices representative indirect democracy.
Republic means democracy?|No|Republic refers to elected head, democracy refers to popular government, a state can be one without the other.
Preamble enforceable?|No|It is not justiciable in courts.
Preamble gives power to govt?|No|It declares purposes, powers flow from specific constitutional articles.
Sovereignty reduced by UN?|No|Membership is voluntary and does not surrender supreme authority.
[CHAPTER] Sources of constitution
Largest single source of Indian Constitution?|Government of India Act, 1935|Nearly two-thirds of the text on administration and federalism was copied from this Act.
Indian Constitution described as?|Borrowed Constitution / Bag of Borrowings|Ivor Jennings used this phrase to describe extensive borrowing.
Why did Constitution makers borrow features?|To adopt best practices from world constitutions|They wanted a workable document, not untested experiments.
Indian Constitution borrowed features from how many countries approximately?|Around 10–12 countries|Drafters studied constitutions across the world.
Which constitution influenced India the most?|Government of India Act, 1935|It provided the bulk of administrative content.
Who was Chairman of Drafting Committee?|B. R. Ambedkar|Led drafting from 29 August 1947.
Parliamentary system borrowed from?|Britain|India chose responsible government where the executive stays in office only with Lok Sabha confidence.
Fundamental Rights borrowed from?|USA|Part III enforceable rights like equality and freedom were modelled on the US Bill of Rights.
Directive Principles of State Policy borrowed from?|Ireland|Part IV socio-economic directives came directly from the Irish Constitution of 1937.
Fundamental Duties borrowed from?|USSR|Part IVA duties were added to balance rights, inspired by the Soviet Constitution.
Federation with strong centre borrowed from?|Canada|India is quasi-federal with a powerful Centre, following the Canadian model.
Judicial review borrowed from?|USA|Supreme Court can void laws that violate the Constitution, as in US practice.
Rule of Law borrowed from?|Britain|A.V. Dicey's principle that law is supreme is embedded in Article 14.
Single citizenship borrowed from?|Britain|India provides one national citizenship to promote unity, unlike US dual citizenship.
Amendment procedure borrowed from?|South Africa|Article 368 mixes rigidity and flexibility like the South African method.
Suspension of Fundamental Rights during emergency borrowed from?|Germany (Weimar Constitution)|Article 359 allowing suspension mirrors Weimar Article 48.
Concurrent List borrowed from?|Australia|List III allowing both Centre and states to legislate comes from Australia.
Residuary powers concept borrowed from?|Canada|Unlike USA, residuary powers vest with Parliament under Article 248.
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity borrowed from?|France|These three Preamble words come from the French Revolution motto.
Independence of judiciary borrowed from?|USA|Security of tenure and separation from executive follow the American model.
Procedure established by law borrowed from?|Japan|Article 21 uses this narrower test instead of American due process.
Cabinet system borrowed from?|Britain|Collective cabinet led by Prime Minister is a Westminster feature.
Five-year plan concept inspired from?|USSR|India adopted centralized economic planning from the Soviet model in 1951.
Joint sitting of Parliament borrowed from?|Australia|Article 108 to resolve deadlocks mirrors the Australian provision.
Federal scheme borrowed from where?|Government of India Act, 1935|Division of powers into three lists originates from the 1935 Act.
Impeachment of President borrowed from?|USA|Article 61 removal process follows the US impeachment model.
Nomination of Rajya Sabha members borrowed from?|Ireland|President nominates 12 distinguished persons under Article 80.
Office of Governor borrowed from?|Government of India Act, 1935|Governor as provincial head continued from colonial administration.
Advisory jurisdiction of Supreme Court borrowed from?|Canada|Article 143 lets President seek the Court's opinion.
Collective responsibility borrowed from?|Britain|Article 75(3) makes the council of ministers jointly liable to Lok Sabha.
Vice-President office borrowed from?|USA|Second executive who chairs Rajya Sabha like US VP chairs Senate.
Method of presidential election inspiration from?|Ireland|Proportional representation by single transferable vote.
Freedom of trade and commerce borrowed from?|Australia|Articles 301 to 307 ensure free inter-state trade like Australian section 92.
Preamble inspiration borrowed from?|USA|Opening "We the People" follows the American Preamble style.
Provincial autonomy borrowed from?|Government of India Act, 1935|1935 Act first granted provinces legislative autonomy.
Appointment of Governors by Centre borrowed from?|Canada|Governors are appointed by the Centre to maintain federal unity.
Fundamental Duties added by which amendment?|42nd Amendment|Part IVA was inserted in 1976 during Emergency.
Socialist ideals borrowed from?|USSR|Influenced DPSP and later the word socialist in the Preamble.
Bicameralism inspiration borrowed from?|Britain|Two houses modelled on House of Commons and House of Lords.
Supreme Court functions borrowed from?|USA|Role as guardian of Constitution and federal arbiter.
Election of Rajya Sabha members borrowed from?|South Africa|Proportional representation system for states.
Public Service Commissions borrowed from?|Government of India Act, 1935|UPSC and SPSC structure continued from 1935.
Writ system borrowed from?|Britain|Prerogative writs like habeas corpus come from English common law.
Social, Economic and Political Justice borrowed from?|USSR|Preamble's justice triad reflects the Soviet 1936 Constitution.
Trade relations provisions borrowed from?|Australia|Inter-state trade regulation modelled on Australia.
Office of Prime Minister borrowed from?|Britain|PM as real executive is a Westminster convention.
Removal of judges borrowed from?|USA|Difficult impeachment process ensures judicial independence.
Which type of emergency strongly influenced by Germany?|National Emergency|Article 352's effect on rights is Weimar-inspired.
Nominal head concept borrowed from?|Britain|President acts on aid and advice like the British monarch.
Federal court concept borrowed from?|Government of India Act, 1935|Federal Court of 1937 became precursor to Supreme Court.
Parliamentary privileges borrowed from?|Britain|Powers and immunities of MPs drawn from Commons practice.
Judiciary structure borrowed from?|Government of India Act, 1935|Hierarchy of courts continued.
Republican ideals borrowed from?|France|Idea of elected head and civic equality.
Legislative procedure borrowed from?|Britain|Three readings and committee stages.
Administrative details borrowed from?|Government of India Act, 1935|Detailed provisions for governance.
Speaker system borrowed from?|Britain|Impartial Speaker with casting vote.
Preamble ideals inspired from?|French Revolution|Emphasis on dignity and brotherhood.
Emergency provisions framework borrowed from?|Government of India Act, 1935|Basic emergency administration came from 1935.
Article related to procedure established by law?|Article 21|Protects life and personal liberty according to law.
DPSP originally inspired by which country?|Spain|Irish DPSP were themselves inspired by Spanish Constitution 1931.
Socialist philosophy influenced by?|USSR|Guided state-led development approach.
Written Constitution idea borrowed from?|USA|India chose a codified supreme law unlike Britain.
India directly borrowed DPSP from?|Ireland|Not directly from Spain.
Fundamental Duties inspired from?|USSR|Same source as duties.
DPSP borrowed directly from Spain?|No, from Ireland|Spain inspired Ireland, India copied Ireland.
Fundamental Duties borrowed from USA?|No|USA Constitution has no duties, India took them from USSR.
Judicial Review borrowed from Britain?|No|Britain has parliamentary sovereignty, review is from USA.
Parliamentary system borrowed from USA?|No|USA has presidential system, India took parliamentary from Britain.
Rule of Law borrowed from USA?|No, Britain|It is Dicey's British doctrine.
Emergency provisions borrowed from USSR?|No, Germany|USSR gave duties, emergency suspension is German.
Single citizenship borrowed from Canada?|No, Britain|Canada has federal nuances, India follows British single.
Concurrent list borrowed from Canada?|No, Australia|Canada has no concurrent list.
Emergency provisions inspiration from?|Germany (Weimar Constitution)|Weimar Article 48 influenced the suspension model.
[CHAPTER] schedules
How many schedules originally in Constitution?|8 Schedules|The 1950 Constitution started with eight schedules covering territory, salaries, oaths etc.
Present number of schedules?|12 Schedules|Four more were added by amendments over time.
Which amendment added 9th Schedule?|1st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951|Added to protect land reform laws from courts.
Which amendment added 10th Schedule?|52nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1985|Introduced the anti-defection law.
Which amendment added 11th & 12th Schedules?|73rd & 74th Amendments, 1992|73rd added Panchayats, 74th added Municipalities.
1st Schedule deals with?|States and Union Territories|Lists names and territorial extent of India.
2nd Schedule deals with?|Salaries, allowances, emoluments|Covers President, Governors, Judges, CAG etc.
3rd Schedule deals with?|Oaths and affirmations|Forms of oath for constitutional functionaries.
4th Schedule deals with?|Allocation of Rajya Sabha seats|Distributes seats among states and UTs.
5th Schedule deals with?|Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes|Administration of tribal areas outside Northeast.
6th Schedule deals with?|Tribal areas in Northeast|Provides autonomous district councils.
7th Schedule deals with?|Union, State and Concurrent Lists|Divides legislative subjects between Centre and states.
8th Schedule deals with?|Official languages|Lists constitutionally recognized languages.
9th Schedule deals with?|Laws protected from judicial review|Originally shielded land reforms via Article 31B.
10th Schedule deals with?|Anti-Defection Law|Disqualification for party defection.
11th Schedule deals with?|Panchayats|29 subjects for rural local bodies.
12th Schedule deals with?|Municipalities|18 subjects for urban local bodies.
How many lists in 7th Schedule?|3 Lists|Union List, State List, Concurrent List.
Union List subjects originally?|97|Now increased to around 100 after amendments.
State List subjects originally?|66|Now reduced to around 61.
Concurrent List subjects originally?|47|Now increased to around 52.
Present Union List subjects?|Around 100|Includes defence, foreign affairs etc.
Present State List subjects?|Around 61|Includes police, health etc.
Present Concurrent List subjects?|Around 52|Includes education, forests etc.
Residuary powers belong to whom?|Centre|Parliament can legislate on unlisted matters under Article 248.
Residuary powers inspired from?|Canada|Unlike USA where states get residuary powers.
Defence comes under which list?|Union List|National security is a central subject.
Foreign affairs under which list?|Union List|International relations handled by Centre.
Currency under which list?|Union List|Money and coinage is central.
Railways under which list?|Union List|National transport network.
Banking under which list?|Union List|Financial regulation central.
Citizenship under which list?|Union List|Uniform nationality.
Police under which list?|State List|Law and order is state subject.
Public order under which list?|State List|Maintaining peace locally.
Agriculture under which list?|State List|Farming policies state domain.
Local government under which list?|State List|Panchayats and municipalities.
Public health under which list?|State List|Hospitals and sanitation.
Education under which list?|Concurrent List|Moved from State to Concurrent by 42nd Amendment.
Forests under which list?|Concurrent List|Also moved by 42nd Amendment.
Marriage under which list?|Concurrent List|Personal law is shared.
Bankruptcy under which list?|Concurrent List|Insolvency shared.
Criminal law under which list?|Concurrent List|IPC and CrPC shared.
If conflict occurs in Concurrent List, whose law prevails?|Central law|Article 254 gives Parliament supremacy unless state law gets presidential assent.
Number of languages originally in 8th Schedule?|14|In 1950 Constitution.
Present number of languages in 8th Schedule?|22|After four amendments.
Total languages in 8th Schedule?|22|Same as present count.
Which schedule contains official languages?|8th Schedule|Constitutionally recognized languages.
Sindhi added by which amendment?|21st Amendment, 1967|First language added after original list.
Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali added by?|71st Amendment, 1992|Three languages added together.
Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali added by?|92nd Amendment, 2003|Four languages added together.
Nepali added by?|71st Amendment|Part of 1992 addition.
Konkani added by?|71st Amendment|Part of 1992 addition.
Manipuri added by?|71st Amendment|Part of 1992 addition.
Bodo added by?|92nd Amendment|Part of 2003 addition.
Dogri added by?|92nd Amendment|Part of 2003 addition.
Maithili added by?|92nd Amendment|Part of 2003 addition.
Santhali added by?|92nd Amendment|Part of 2003 addition.
English included in 8th Schedule?|No|English is official but not listed.
Sanskrit included?|Yes|Among original 14 languages.
Sindhi included?|Yes|Added in 1967.
Bodo included?|Yes|Added in 2003.
Santhali included?|Yes|Added in 2003.
Hindi written in which script?|Devanagari|Article 343 specifies Devanagari script.
Classical languages mentioned in which schedule?|8th Schedule|Languages granted classical status are from this list.
9th Schedule added by?|1st Amendment Act, 1951|To save zamindari abolition laws.
Purpose of 9th Schedule?|Protect laws from judicial review|Via Article 31B immunity.
Which article connected to 9th Schedule?|Article 31B|Gives protection to listed laws.
Land reform laws protected under?|9th Schedule|Original intent of 1951.
Can 9th Schedule laws be judicially reviewed now?|Yes (after I.R. Coelho case, 2007)|Supreme Court held laws violating basic structure after 1973 are reviewable.
10th Schedule added by which amendment?|52nd Amendment|Passed in 1985.
10th Schedule added in which year?|1985|Same as 52nd Amendment.
Anti-defection law popularly called?|Aya Ram Gaya Ram Law|From Haryana politics of 1960s defections.
Decision on disqualification taken by whom?|Speaker/Chairman|Presiding officer of the respective House.
Which articles related to defection?|Articles 102(2) & 191(2)|Provide disqualification grounds for Parliament and state legislatures.
Split exception removed by which amendment?|91st Amendment, 2003|Removed one-third split defence.
Voluntarily giving up membership leads to?|Disqualification|Tenth Schedule ground one.
Voting against party whip leads to?|Disqualification|Defying whip without prior permission.
Merger exemption requires what?|2/3 members support|Merger of original party with another.
Independent member joining party after election?|Disqualified|Loses independent status.
Nominated member can join party within?|6 months|After that joining disqualifies.
5th Schedule applicable to which areas?|Areas other than Northeast tribal areas|Most central Indian tribal belts.
Tribal administration outside Northeast in?|5th Schedule|Governor administers with Tribal Advisory Council.
President can declare Scheduled Area under?|5th Schedule|By order after consultation with Governor.
Governor submits tribal administration report to whom?|President|Annual report under 5th Schedule.
Tribal Advisory Council related to?|5th Schedule|Advises Governor on tribal welfare.
6th Schedule applicable to which states?|Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram|Four northeastern states only.
Autonomous District Councils mentioned where?|6th Schedule|Provide self-governance to tribes.
Autonomous Regional Councils related to?|6th Schedule|For smaller tribal groups within districts.
Special tribal autonomy in Northeast under?|6th Schedule|Greater legislative and judicial powers.
5th Schedule applies to?|Most tribal areas|General tribal administration model.
6th Schedule applies to?|Northeast tribal areas|Special autonomy model.
Autonomous District Councils under?|6th Schedule|Not under 5th Schedule.
Tribal Advisory Council under?|5th Schedule|Not under 6th Schedule.
6th Schedule states count?|4 States|Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram.
Territorial division mentioned in which schedule?|1st Schedule|Lists states and UTs.
Names of states listed where?|1st Schedule|First Schedule Part A.
Union Territories listed where?|1st Schedule|First Schedule Part B.
Salary of President mentioned where?|2nd Schedule|Part A of Second Schedule.
Salary of Governors mentioned where?|2nd Schedule|Part B.
Salary of Supreme Court judges mentioned where?|2nd Schedule|Part D.
Salary of CAG mentioned where?|2nd Schedule|Part E.
Oath of President mentioned where?|3rd Schedule|Form of oath for President.
Oath of MPs and MLAs mentioned where?|3rd Schedule|Form for legislators.
Constitutional oath provisions in?|3rd Schedule|All forms of oaths.
Rajya Sabha seat distribution mentioned where?|4th Schedule|State-wise allocation table.
Representation of states in Rajya Sabha in?|4th Schedule|Same as seat allocation.
11th Schedule added by which amendment?|73rd Amendment, 1992|Constitutionalized Panchayati Raj.
Number of subjects in 11th Schedule?|29|Rural development subjects.
Rural local government related schedule?|11th Schedule|Panchayats.
12th Schedule added by which amendment?|74th Amendment, 1992|Constitutionalized municipalities.
Number of subjects in 12th Schedule?|18|Urban planning subjects.
Urban local government related schedule?|12th Schedule|Municipalities.
Panchayats schedule?|11th|Not 12th.
Municipalities schedule?|12th|Not 11th.
Anti-defection schedule?|10th|Not 9th.
Languages schedule?|8th|Official languages.
Tribal Northeast schedule?|6th|Autonomous councils.
Salaries schedule?|2nd|Emoluments.
Oaths schedule?|3rd|Affirmations.
Rajya Sabha seats schedule?|4th|Allocation.
English in 8th Schedule?|No|Common SSC trap.
Anti-defection in 9th Schedule?|No|It is in 10th Schedule.
Panchayats in 12th Schedule?|No|They are in 11th Schedule.
Municipalities in 11th Schedule?|No|They are in 12th Schedule.
Sixth Schedule applies all tribal areas?|No|Only four NE states, rest under 5th.
9th Schedule immune forever?|No|Reviewable after Coelho 2007 if violates basic structure.
Concurrent List in 8th Schedule?|No|It is in 7th Schedule.
[CHAPTER] parts of constitution
Constitution originally had how many parts?|22 Parts|The 1950 text was divided into 22 parts covering Union, states, rights etc.
Present number of parts in Constitution?|25 Parts|Three new parts were added and one repealed, net increase to 25.
Constitution originally had how many articles?|395 Articles|Original numbering ran from 1 to 395.
Present articles approximately?|470+ Articles|Amendments have inserted many articles like 243A, 323A etc.
Which parts added later?|Part IVA, IX, IXA, IXB, XIVA|Added by 42nd, 73rd, 74th, 97th and 42nd Amendments respectively.
Which part removed?|Part VII|Dealt with Part B states, became obsolete.
Constitution originally had how many schedules?|8|Original schedules covered territory, salaries, oaths etc.
Present schedules?|12|Four schedules added later for anti-defection, panchayats etc.
Part I deals with?|Union and its Territory|Defines India and power to create new states.
Which part explains states and territories?|Part I|Articles 1 to 4 cover formation and alteration.
Creation of new states related to which part?|Part I|Parliament can admit or form states under Article 3.
Articles in Part I?|Articles 1–4|Shortest part dealing with territorial structure.
India described as what in Article 1?|Union of States|Emphasizes indestructible union of destructible units.
Part II deals with?|Citizenship|Rules for citizenship at commencement and later.
Articles in Part II?|Articles 5–11|Defines who became citizens in 1950.
Citizenship at commencement discussed where?|Part II|Articles 5 to 10 lay down initial criteria.
Parliament power over citizenship under?|Article 11|Allows Parliament to make laws on citizenship.
Part III deals with?|Fundamental Rights|Enforceable rights against state action.
Articles in Part III?|Articles 12–35|Covers six categories of rights.
Fundamental Rights inspired from?|USA|Modeled on US Bill of Rights.
Part III called what?|Magna Carta of India|Because it protects individual liberty.
Right to Constitutional Remedies under which part?|Part III|Article 32 is in Part III.
Which article called Heart and Soul?|Article 32|Provides direct Supreme Court remedy.
Who called Article 32 Heart and Soul?|B. R. Ambedkar|Stressed its centrality to rights enforcement.
Part IV deals with?|Directive Principles of State Policy|Non-justiciable socio-economic goals.
Articles in Part IV?|Articles 36–51|Directives for welfare state.
DPSP borrowed from?|Ireland|Irish Constitution 1937 model.
DPSP enforceable?|No|Courts cannot enforce them directly.
DPSP nature?|Non-justiciable|Moral directives to state.
DPSP aim?|Welfare state|Guide for social and economic democracy.
Part IVA deals with?|Fundamental Duties|Duties of citizens.
Added by which amendment?|42nd Amendment|Inserted in 1976.
Added in which year?|1976|During Emergency.
Articles in Part IVA?|Article 51A|Single article listing duties.
Fundamental Duties borrowed from?|USSR|Soviet Constitution model.
Present number of duties?|11|Ten originally, eleventh added by 86th Amendment 2002.
Part V deals with?|Union Government|President, Parliament, Judiciary at centre.
Articles in Part V?|Articles 52–151|Largest range covering union institutions.
President provisions under?|Part V|Articles 52 to 78.
Parliament provisions under?|Part V|Articles 79 to 122.
Supreme Court provisions under?|Part V|Articles 124 to 147.
Attorney General under?|Part V|Article 76.
CAG under?|Part V|Articles 148 to 151.
Part VI deals with?|State Government|Governor, legislature, high courts.
Articles in Part VI?|Articles 152–237|Mirrors Part V for states.
Governor provisions under?|Part VI|Articles 153 to 162.
State Legislature provisions under?|Part VI|Articles 168 to 212.
High Court provisions under?|Part VI|Articles 214 to 231.
Largest part of Constitution?|Part VI|Covers detailed state machinery.
Part VII related to?|States in Part B|Dealt with princely states grouping.
Present status of Part VII?|Repealed|No longer in force.
Removed by which amendment?|7th Amendment|Reorganized states.
Removed in which year?|1956|After States Reorganisation Act.
Part VIII deals with?|Union Territories|Administration of UTs.
Articles in Part VIII?|Articles 239–242|Powers of administrators.
Administration of UTs under?|Part VIII|President administers through Lieutenant Governors.
Part IX deals with?|Panchayats|Rural local self-government.
Added by which amendment?|73rd Amendment|Constitutionalized panchayats.
Added in which year?|1992|Came into force 1993.
Articles in Part IX?|Articles 243–243O|Defines structure and elections.
Rural local government under?|Part IX|Three-tier panchayat system.
Part IXA deals with?|Municipalities|Urban local self-government.
Added by which amendment?|74th Amendment|1992.
Urban local government under?|Part IXA|Nagar panchayats to corporations.
Articles in Part IXA?|Articles 243P–243ZG|Parallel to Part IX.
Part IXB deals with?|Cooperative Societies|Voluntary cooperative bodies.
Added by which amendment?|97th Amendment|2011.
Articles in Part IXB?|Articles 243ZH–243ZT|Governance of cooperatives.
Part X deals with?|Scheduled and Tribal Areas|Special administration.
Articles in Part X?|Articles 244–244A|Links to Fifth and Sixth Schedules.
Fifth and Sixth Schedule connected to?|Part X|Provides constitutional base.
Part XI deals with?|Centre-State Relations|Legislative and administrative division.
Legislative relations under?|Part XI|Articles 245 to 255 on law-making powers.
Administrative relations under?|Part XI|Articles 256 to 263 on executive coordination.
Articles in Part XI?|Articles 245–263|Covers both dimensions.
Part XII deals with?|Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits|Fiscal federalism.
Finance Commission under which part?|Part XII|Article 280.
GST provisions connected to?|Part XII|Articles 246A, 269A, 279A inserted here.
Articles in Part XII?|Articles 264–300A|Includes property rights.
Part XIII deals with?|Trade, Commerce and Intercourse|Free movement across India.
Free trade provisions under?|Part XIII|Articles 301 to 307 ensure freedom.
Articles in Part XIII?|Articles 301–307|Prevents state barriers.
Part XIV deals with?|Services under Union and States|Public services.
UPSC provisions under?|Part XIV|Articles 315 to 323.
State PSC provisions under?|Part XIV|Same articles for states.
Articles in Part XIV?|Articles 308–323|Recruitment and conditions.
Part XIVA deals with?|Tribunals|Administrative and other tribunals.
Added by which amendment?|42nd Amendment|1976.
Articles in Part XIVA?|Articles 323A–323B|Creates tribunal framework.
Administrative Tribunals related to?|Part XIVA|Article 323A for service matters.
Part XV deals with?|Elections|Election machinery.
Election Commission provisions under?|Part XV|Article 324 creates ECI.
Articles in Part XV?|Articles 324–329A|Conduct of elections.
Superintendence of elections under?|Election Commission|Article 324 vests powers.
Part XVI deals with?|Special provisions for SCs, STs, OBCs|Reservation and representation.
Reservation provisions under?|Part XVI|Seats in legislatures and services.
Anglo-Indian representation earlier under?|Part XVI|Articles 331 and 333, now abolished.
Articles in Part XVI?|Articles 330–342|Protective discrimination.
Part XVII deals with?|Official Language|Language of Union and states.
Hindi provisions under?|Part XVII|Article 343 declares Hindi in Devanagari.
Official language provisions under?|Part XVII|Articles 343 to 351.
Articles in Part XVII?|Articles 343–351|Language policy.
Part XVIII deals with?|Emergency Provisions|Three types of emergency.
Articles in Part XVIII?|Articles 352–360|National, state, financial.
National Emergency under?|Part XVIII|Article 352.
President’s Rule under?|Part XVIII|Article 356.
Financial Emergency under?|Part XVIII|Article 360.
Part XIX deals with?|Miscellaneous|Residual matters like protection of President.
Articles in Part XIX?|Articles 361–367|Immunities and interpretations.
Part XX deals with?|Amendment of Constitution|Power and procedure.
Constitutional amendment article?|Article 368|Lays down procedure.
Amendment procedure under?|Part XX|Only part dealing with amendments.
Part XXI deals with?|Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions|Special arrangements.
Jammu & Kashmir special status earlier under?|Part XXI|Article 370 before abrogation.
Article 370 under which part?|Part XXI|Temporary provision.
Special state provisions under?|Part XXI|Articles 371 to 371J for states.
Part XXII deals with?|Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text|Final provisions.
Articles in Part XXII?|Articles 393–395|Names Constitution and repeals prior acts.
Last part of Constitution?|Part XXII|Ends the document.
Fundamental Rights part?|Part III|Articles 12 to 35.
DPSP part?|Part IV|Articles 36 to 51.
Fundamental Duties part?|Part IVA|Article 51A.
Panchayats part?|Part IX|73rd Amendment.
Municipalities part?|Part IXA|74th Amendment.
Tribunals part?|Part XIVA|42nd Amendment.
Elections part?|Part XV|Articles 324 onwards.
Emergency part?|Part XVIII|Articles 352 to 360.
Amendments part?|Part XX|Article 368.
Official Language part?|Part XVII|Articles 343 to 351.
Fundamental Duties in Part IV?|No|They are in Part IVA, not Part IV.
DPSP in Part III?|No|DPSP are in Part IV, not Part III.
Elections in Part XIV?|No|Elections are in Part XV, Part XIV is services.
Emergency in Part XVII?|No|Emergency is in Part XVIII, Part XVII is language.
Panchayats in Part VIII?|No|Panchayats are in Part IX, Part VIII is UTs.
Municipalities in Part IX?|No|Municipalities are in Part IXA, not IX.
Article 368 in Part XXI?|No|Article 368 is in Part XX, not XXI.
Tribunals in Part XIV?|No|Tribunals are in Part XIVA, Part XIV is services.
Part IVA added by?|42nd Amendment|1976.
Part IX added by?|73rd Amendment|1992.
Part IXA added by?|74th Amendment|1992.
Part IXB added by?|97th Amendment|2011.
Part XIVA added by?|42nd Amendment|1976.
Part VII removed by?|7th Amendment|1956.
[CHAPTER] Making of Constitution
Constitution made by whom?|Constituent Assembly|An indirectly elected body that drafted the Constitution between 1946 and 1949.
Constituent Assembly formed under?|Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946|British plan proposed a constitution-making body for India.
Constitution adopted on?|26 November 1949|Assembly approved the final text on this date, now Constitution Day.
Constitution came into force on?|26 January 1950|Full operation began on this date to honour Purna Swaraj.
Why 26 January chosen?|Purna Swaraj Day (1930)|Congress had declared complete independence on 26 Jan 1930.
Lengthiest written constitution belongs to?|India|Original text was longest due to detailed provisions.
Constitution originally had how many articles?|395|Numbered 1 to 395 in 1950.
Constitution originally had how many parts?|22|Divided into 22 parts at commencement.
Constitution originally had how many schedules?|8|Schedules covered territory, salaries, languages etc.
Constituent Assembly created under which plan?|Cabinet Mission Plan|Same as formation basis.
Cabinet Mission came in which year?|1946|Arrived March 1946 to discuss transfer of power.
Members in Cabinet Mission?|3 British Ministers|Pethick-Lawrence, Stafford Cripps, A.V. Alexander.
Constituent Assembly was elected directly or indirectly?|Indirectly|Members chosen by provincial assemblies, not public vote.
Elections to Constituent Assembly held in?|July 1946|Provincial elections provided electorate.
Basis of election?|Provincial Assembly elections|Limited franchise of 1946 provincial polls.
Original strength of Constituent Assembly?|389|296 British provinces plus 93 princely states.
British Indian provinces seats?|296|Allocated by population.
Princely states seats?|93|Nominated by rulers.
After partition total strength became?|299|After Pakistan members left.
Members from provinces after partition?|229|Reduced from 296.
Members from princely states after partition?|70|Some states joined Pakistan.
Members elected by proportional representation?|Yes|Ensured minority representation.
Voting method used?|Single Transferable Vote|Proportional system for seat allocation.
First meeting held on?|9 December 1946|Held in Constitution Hall, New Delhi.
Temporary Chairman of Constituent Assembly?|Sachchidananda Sinha|Oldest member presided first session.
Permanent President of Constituent Assembly?|Rajendra Prasad|Elected 11 December 1946.
Vice-President of Constituent Assembly?|H. C. Mookerjee|Assisted President.
Constitutional Advisor of Assembly?|B. N. Rau|Prepared initial draft and research.
Objectives Resolution moved by?|Jawaharlal Nehru|Laid down philosophy of Constitution.
Objectives Resolution moved on?|13 December 1946|Introduced in Assembly.
Objectives Resolution adopted on?|22 January 1947|Unanimously passed.
Preamble based on what?|Objectives Resolution|Ideals became Preamble text.
Objectives Resolution later became?|Preamble|Philosophical foundation.
Drafting Committee formed on?|29 August 1947|Set up to prepare draft Constitution.
Chairman of Drafting Committee?|B. R. Ambedkar|Chief architect.
Number of members in Drafting Committee?|7|Including Ambedkar.
Father of Indian Constitution?|B. R. Ambedkar|Led drafting and debates.
Who prepared first draft?|Constitutional Advisor B.N. Rau|Submitted in October 1947.
Draft Constitution published in?|February 1948|Circulated for public comment.
Member of Drafting Committee from Alladi?|Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar|Eminent jurist from Madras.
Member K.M. Munshi related to?|Drafting Committee|Lawyer and freedom fighter.
N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar role?|Drafting Committee member|Diwan of Kashmir, constitutional expert.
Mohammad Saadulla role?|Drafting Committee member|Represented Assam Muslims.
B.L. Mitter replaced by whom?|N. Madhava Rao|Mitter resigned due to ill health.
D.P. Khaitan replaced by whom?|T.T. Krishnamachari|Khaitan died in 1948.
Union Powers Committee chairman?|Jawaharlal Nehru|Decided centre-state powers.
Union Constitution Committee chairman?|Jawaharlal Nehru|Framed union structure.
Provincial Constitution Committee chairman?|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel|Dealt with states.
Advisory Committee chairman?|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel|On minorities and fundamental rights.
Rules of Procedure Committee chairman?|Rajendra Prasad|Set Assembly procedures.
Steering Committee chairman?|Rajendra Prasad|Managed business.
Drafting Committee chairman?|B. R. Ambedkar|Repeated for clarity.
Number of women members approximately?|15|Including Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta etc.
Famous woman member Sarojini Naidu role?|Constituent Assembly member|Poet and governor.
Hansa Mehta role?|Women rights advocate in Assembly|Pushed for equality provisions.
Durgabai Deshmukh role?|Constituent Assembly member|Social reformer.
Ammu Swaminathan role?|Constituent Assembly member|Advocated women's rights.
Time taken to make Constitution?|2 years 11 months 18 days|From 9 Dec 1946 to 26 Nov 1949.
Total sessions of Constituent Assembly?|11 Sessions|Spread over period.
Total sittings?|165 days|Actual meeting days.
Days spent discussing Constitution?|114 days|Draft considered clause by clause.
Total expenditure?|Around ₹6.4 crore|Cost of Assembly work.
₹6.4 crore approximately in USD today?|About $770,000 at 1950 conversion (historical value)|Shows modest cost for scale.
Citizenship provisions enforced immediately?|Yes|Articles 5 to 9 came into force 26 Nov 1949.
Elections provisions enforced immediately?|Yes|Article 324 onwards for interim polls.
Temporary Parliament provisions enforced immediately?|Yes|Allowed interim legislature.
Remaining Constitution enforced on?|26 January 1950|Majority of provisions.
Constitution signed on?|24 January 1950|Members signed final copies.
Total members signed Constitution?|284|Out of 299 present.
First person to sign Constitution?|Jawaharlal Nehru|Signed first as PM.
Last person to sign Constitution?|Rajendra Prasad|As President of Assembly.
National Anthem adopted on?|24 January 1950|Jana Gana Mana adopted same day.
National Song adopted on?|24 January 1950|Vande Mataram adopted same day.
Constituent Assembly sovereign body after?|Indian Independence Act 1947|Became fully sovereign post-independence.
Muslim League participated fully?|No|Boycotted after partition demand.
Separate electorate accepted?|No|Rejected in favour of joint electorate.
Constitution made by Indians?|Yes|Drafted by Indians, not imposed.
Constituent Assembly dissolved on?|26 January 1950|Converted into Provisional Parliament.
Preamble adopted on?|26 November 1949|Along with Constitution.
Preamble source?|Objectives Resolution|Philosophical basis.
"We the People" signifies?|Popular sovereignty|Power derives from people.
Temporary Chairman vs Permanent President?|Sachchidananda Sinha vs Rajendra Prasad|First day vs elected head.
Drafting Committee Chairman vs Constitutional Advisor?|Ambedkar vs B.N. Rau|Political leadership vs technical drafting.
Objectives Resolution mover?|Jawaharlal Nehru|Moved 13 Dec 1946.
Advisory Committee Chairman?|Sardar Patel|On rights and minorities.
Constitution enforced on 26 Nov 1949?|No|Only adopted then, enforced 26 Jan 1950.
Drafting Committee formed before Independence?|Yes|Formed 29 Aug 1947, after 15 Aug but work started pre-transfer; technically after independence but often asked as before full enforcement – correct answer is Yes, formed in 1947 after independence, but trick expects Yes as it was formed soon after independence, not before 15 Aug. Clarify: formed after independence.
Constitution signed on 26 Jan 1950?|No|Signed 24 Jan 1950.
Muslim League fully participated?|No|Members left for Pakistan.
Constituent Assembly directly elected?|No|Indirectly elected by provincial assemblies.
Ambedkar temporary chairman?|No|Temporary was Sinha.
Rajendra Prasad drafting chairman?|No|Drafting chairman was Ambedkar.
Drafting Committee formed in?|1947|29 August 1947.
Constitution adopted in?|1949|26 November 1949.
Constitution came into force in?|1950|26 January 1950.
Objectives Resolution year?|1946|Moved December 1946.
Cabinet Mission year?|1946|Came March 1946.
[CHAPTER] Part I of Constitution
Part I of Constitution deals with?|Union and its Territory|Covers Articles 1 to 4 on formation and alteration of states.
Articles in Part I?|Articles 1–4|Shortest part dealing with territorial structure.
Which article describes India as Union of States?|Article 1|First line defines the country.
Article 1 states what?|India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States|Establishes official name and nature.
Official name of country under Article 1?|India, that is Bharat|Both names have equal status.
India described as what?|Union of States|Not Federation of States.
Territory of India includes what?|States + UTs + acquired territories|Threefold classification under Article 1(3).
Three categories of Indian territory?|States, UTs, acquired territories|Listed in Article 1.
States have separate governments?|Yes|Each state has its own legislature and executive.
UTs administered by whom?|Union Government|President administers through administrators.
Why "Union" used instead of Federation?|Indian federation not result of agreement among states|Ambedkar explained states have no right to secede.
Can states secede from India?|No|Union is indestructible.
Who explained "Union of States" concept?|B. R. Ambedkar|In Constituent Assembly debates.
Meaning of indestructible union?|India cannot be broken|States can be altered but union remains.
India federal or unitary?|Federal with unitary bias|Strong centre with federal features.
Which articles deal with formation of new states?|Articles 2 & 3|Article 2 for admission, Article 3 for internal reorganization.
Which article deals with laws under Articles 2 & 3?|Article 4|Provides supplemental provisions.
Article 2 deals with?|Admission or establishment of new states|Applies to territories not already part of India.
Parliament power under Article 2?|Admit or establish new states|By law on terms it thinks fit.
Article 2 applies mainly to?|Foreign territories joining India|Used for Sikkim initially.
Sikkim initially entered India under?|Article 2|As associate state in 1974 before full statehood.
Article 3 deals with?|Formation of new states and alteration of areas|Internal reorganization power.
Parliament can form new state by?|Separation, merger, alteration|Listed in Article 3(a) to (e).
Parliament can change state boundaries?|Yes|Under Article 3.
Parliament can change state names?|Yes|Under Article 3.
Which article gives Parliament this power?|Article 3|Sole authority for internal changes.
State consent mandatory for alteration?|No|State views are not binding.
President recommendation needed before bill introduction?|Yes|Bill can be introduced only on President's recommendation.
State Legislature opinion binding?|No|Parliament may accept or reject views.
State Legislature given bill for views by whom?|President|President refers bill to concerned legislature.
Parliament can increase area of state?|Yes|Under Article 3.
Parliament can decrease area of state?|Yes|Under Article 3.
Parliament can alter state boundaries?|Yes|Core power of Article 3.
Parliament can alter state names?|Yes|E.g., Uttaranchal to Uttarakhand.
Parliament can create new state?|Yes|E.g., Telangana in 2014.
State reorganization bill introduced only with whose recommendation?|President|Mandatory prior recommendation.
President refers bill to whom?|State Legislature|For expressing views within specified time.
Can Parliament reject state opinion?|Yes|Opinion is consultative only.
Simple or special majority needed?|Simple majority|Not a constitutional amendment under Article 368.
Article 4 deals with?|Supplemental, incidental, consequential matters|For laws under Articles 2 and 3.
Laws under Article 2 & 3 considered constitutional amendment?|No|Expressly excluded from Article 368.
Which majority required under Article 4 laws?|Simple majority|Like ordinary legislation.
Article 4 exempt from Article 368?|Yes|No special procedure needed.
Territory of India includes?|States, UTs, acquired territories|Reiterated for clarity.
Acquired territories become part through?|Acquisition|By constitutional process.
Example of acquired territory?|Goa, Sikkim, Puducherry|Integrated after independence.
India can acquire territory by?|Cession, conquest, treaty, purchase|International law modes.
First state formed on linguistic basis?|Andhra Pradesh|Created from Madras State.
Andhra Pradesh formed in which year?|1953|After Potti Sriramulu's fast.
States Reorganisation Act passed in?|1956|Implemented Fazl Ali Commission report.
States Reorganisation based on what?|Language|Linguistic reorganization.
Which amendment related to 1956 reorganization?|7th Amendment|Facilitated new states and UTs.
Commission for states reorganization?|Fazl Ali Commission|Appointed 1953.
Members of Fazl Ali Commission?|Fazl Ali, H.N. Kunzru, K.M. Panikkar|Submitted report 1955.
Telangana became state in?|2014|29th state then, now 28 after reorganization.
Telangana carved out from?|Andhra Pradesh|Bifurcation under Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act.
Jharkhand formed in?|2000|15 November 2000.
Jharkhand carved from?|Bihar|Southern tribal districts.
Chhattisgarh formed from?|Madhya Pradesh|1 November 2000.
Uttarakhand formed from?|Uttar Pradesh|9 November 2000.
Uttarakhand earlier called?|Uttaranchal|Renamed in 2007.
Sikkim became Indian state in?|1975|After referendum.
Sikkim became which numbered state?|22nd State|At that time.
Sikkim associated with which amendment?|36th Amendment|1975.
Before statehood Sikkim status?|Protectorate|Under India since 1950 treaty.
Present number of Union Territories?|8|After J&K reorganization 2019.
UTs administered by whom?|President through Administrator/LG|Article 239.
Delhi special status under which article?|Article 239AA|Gives legislative assembly with limits.
Jammu & Kashmir became UT in?|2019|31 October 2019.
Ladakh became UT in?|2019|Carved from J&K.
Present number of states in India?|28|After Telangana creation.
Present number of UTs in India?|8|Delhi, Puducherry, etc.
Latest state formed?|Telangana|2014.
Latest UT created?|Ladakh|2019.
Berubari Case related to?|Cession of territory|West Bengal enclave to Pakistan.
Berubari case year?|1960|Supreme Court advisory opinion.
Supreme Court said territory cession needs?|Constitutional Amendment|Cannot be done by executive agreement alone.
Which amendment transferred Berubari?|9th Amendment|1960.
7th Amendment related to?|State reorganization|1956.
36th Amendment related to?|Sikkim statehood|1975.
100th Amendment related to?|India-Bangladesh land boundary|2015.
69th Amendment related to?|Delhi special status|1991, Article 239AA.
Article 2 vs Article 3?|Admission vs internal reorganization|Article 2 for new entry, Article 3 for existing states.
Simple majority or special majority for state formation?|Simple majority|Under Article 4, not Article 368.
State opinion binding?|No|Only consultative.
Constitutional amendment needed under Article 4?|No|Expressly excluded.
India called Federation of States?|No|Constitution says Union of States.
State consent compulsory under Article 3?|No|Only President's recommendation needed.
Article 4 laws are constitutional amendments?|No|Treated as ordinary laws.
Special majority needed for new states?|No|Simple majority suffices.
Parliament cannot rename states?|False|Parliament can rename under Article 3.
India destructible union?|No|Union is indestructible, states are destructible.
[CHAPTER] Part II of Constitution
Part II of Constitution deals with?|Citizenship|Covers Articles 5 to 11 on citizenship at commencement and Parliament's power.
Articles in Part II?|Articles 5–11|Seven articles dealing with initial citizenship.
Citizenship provisions at commencement under?|Part II|Rules for who became citizen on 26 Jan 1950.
Which article empowers Parliament on citizenship?|Article 11|Gives Parliament power to make laws on citizenship.
India follows single or dual citizenship?|Single Citizenship|Only one Indian citizenship, no state citizenship.
India follows which citizenship system?|Single Citizenship|Borrowed from Britain for unity.
Single citizenship borrowed from?|Britain|UK has single national citizenship.
USA follows which citizenship?|Dual Citizenship|Federal and state citizenship.
Meaning of single citizenship?|Only Indian citizenship exists|No separate state citizenship.
State citizenship exists in India?|No|All citizens are equal across states.
Purpose of single citizenship?|National unity and equality|Prevents regional loyalties.
Citizenship inspired from which country?|Britain (Single Citizenship)|Adopted unitary citizenship model.
Article 5 deals with?|Citizenship at commencement|For persons domiciled in India on 26 Jan 1950.
Commencement of Constitution date?|26 January 1950|Date citizenship under Part II took effect.
Citizenship under Article 5 available on which date?|26 January 1950|Same as commencement.
Conditions under Article 5?|Domicile + birth/descent/residence|Must have domicile plus one of three links.
First condition under Article 5?|Domicile in India|Intention to permanently reside.
Domicile means?|Permanent home intention|Legal concept of permanent residence.
Birth condition under Article 5?|Born in India|Automatic link.
Parent condition under Article 5?|Parent born in India|Descent link.
Residence condition under Article 5?|Resident for 5 years before commencement|Ordinary residence.
Article 6 deals with?|Citizenship of migrants from Pakistan|For those who migrated due to partition.
Article 6 applicable before or after partition?|After partition|Covers 1947 migration.
Two categories under Article 6?|Before 19 July 1948 & after|Permit system cut-off date.
Permit system introduced on?|19 July 1948|Regulated migration after this date.
Migrants before 19 July 1948 requirement?|Residence|If resided since migration.
Migrants after 19 July 1948 requirement?|Registration|Needed registration with authorities.
Article 7 deals with?|Migrants to Pakistan|Persons who left India for Pakistan.
Persons migrated to Pakistan after March 1, 1947 treated as?|Non-citizens|Lost Indian citizenship.
Exception under Article 7?|Returning with permit for resettlement|Could regain citizenship.
Article 7 considered exception to which article?|Article 5 & 6|Overrides general rules.
Article 8 deals with?|Overseas Indians|Persons of Indian origin abroad.
Citizenship to persons of Indian origin residing abroad under?|Article 8|Could register as citizen.
Registration under Article 8 done by whom?|Indian diplomatic representative|At embassy or consulate.
Requirement under Article 8?|Indian origin|Parents or grandparents born in undivided India.
Article 9 deals with?|Voluntary acquisition of foreign citizenship|Automatic loss provision.
Person voluntarily acquiring foreign citizenship remains Indian citizen?|No|Loses Indian citizenship immediately.
Dual citizenship allowed in India?|No|Constitution prohibits dual nationality.
Foreign citizenship acquisition leads to?|Termination of Indian citizenship|Under Article 9.
Article 10 deals with?|Continuance of citizenship|Subject to parliamentary law.
Citizenship rights continue subject to?|Parliamentary law|Parliament can regulate.
Article 11 empowers whom?|Parliament|Exclusive power to make citizenship laws.
Parliament can regulate what under Article 11?|Citizenship|Acquisition, termination, all matters.
Citizenship Act passed in which year?|1955|First comprehensive law.
Citizenship provisions detailed in?|Citizenship Act 1955|Operationalizes Part II.
Citizenship Act enacted in?|1955|Same as above.
Citizenship governed mainly by?|Citizenship Act 1955|Not just Constitution.
Parliament power over citizenship from which article?|Article 11|Source of legislative competence.
Modes of acquiring citizenship?|Birth, descent, registration, naturalisation, incorporation|Five modes under 1955 Act.
Citizenship by birth means?|Born in India|Jus soli principle with restrictions.
Citizenship by descent means?|Parent Indian citizen|Jus sanguinis.
Citizenship by registration means?|Application-based citizenship|For PIOs, spouses etc.
Citizenship by naturalisation means?|Foreigners fulfilling conditions|Long residence and good character.
Citizenship by incorporation means?|Territory becomes part of India|People of territory become citizens.
Citizenship by birth before 1987?|Anyone born in India|Unconditional jus soli.
After 1987 condition?|One parent Indian|Amendment 1986.
After 2004 condition?|One parent citizen and other not illegal migrant|Amendment 2003.
Illegal migrant eligible automatically?|No|Excluded from birth citizenship.
Citizenship by descent based on?|Parentage|Father or mother Indian.
Child born abroad gets citizenship through?|Indian parent|Must register within one year.
Registration requirement exists?|Yes in some cases|For children born after 2004.
Registration citizenship granted to whom?|Persons of Indian origin, spouses etc.|Simplified process.
Registration mode simpler than?|Naturalisation|Shorter residence.
Naturalisation means?|Citizenship after fulfilling legal conditions|For foreigners.
Residence requirement generally?|11 years|12 months plus 11 years aggregate.
Naturalisation granted by whom?|Government|Central government discretion.
Citizenship by incorporation means?|Territory joins India|Automatic grant.
Example of incorporation?|Sikkim|1975 via 36th Amendment.
Ways of losing citizenship?|Renunciation, termination, deprivation|Three modes under Act.
Renunciation means?|Voluntary giving up|Declaration to government.
Termination means?|Acquiring foreign citizenship|Automatic under Article 9.
Deprivation means?|Government takes away citizenship|For fraud or disloyalty.
Deprivation applicable mainly to?|Naturalised citizens|Rarely to birth citizens.
OCI introduced in which year?|2005|Overseas Citizenship of India scheme.
OCI means full dual citizenship?|No|Not constitutional citizenship.
Voting rights available to OCI?|No|Cannot vote or contest.
Constitutional posts available to OCI?|No|Cannot be President, MP etc.
OCI cardholders get lifelong visa?|Yes|Multiple entry lifelong visa.
PIO and OCI merged in?|2015|PIO card discontinued.
NRI means?|Indian citizen living abroad|Retains Indian passport.
OCI holder Indian citizen?|No|Foreign national of Indian origin.
PIO stands for?|Person of Indian Origin|Earlier scheme.
OCI has voting rights?|No|Same as above.
Citizenship Act year?|1955|Base law.
OCI introduced in?|2005|Under amendment to Act.
PIO-OCI merger in?|2015|Government notification.
Major citizenship amendment controversy in?|CAA 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act.
CAA passed in which year?|2019|December 2019.
CAA related to which communities?|Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, Christian|Six minority religions.
Countries covered under CAA?|Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh|Neighbouring Islamic states.
Muslims included in CAA fast-track provision?|No|Act excludes Muslims.
Residence requirement reduced to?|5 years|From 11 years for these groups.
Single citizenship borrowed from?|Britain|Reiteration for comparison.
Dual citizenship exists in India?|No|Constitution prohibits.
OCI full citizenship?|No|Only visa benefits.
Citizenship by birth vs descent?|Birthplace vs parentage|Jus soli vs jus sanguinis.
Renunciation vs termination?|Voluntary vs automatic|Renunciation is choice, termination follows foreign nationality.
India follows dual citizenship?|No|Only single citizenship.
OCI holders can vote?|No|No electoral rights.
State citizenship exists in India?|No|Only national citizenship.
Article 11 itself grants citizenship?|No|Only empowers Parliament to make law.
Citizenship by naturalisation automatic?|No|Requires government approval.
OCI equals constitutional citizenship?|No|Statutory status only.
Pradeep Jain case related to?|Citizenship & domicile|Held domicile cannot be basis for admission quotas.
Berubari case related to?|Territory and citizenship issues|Cession requires amendment, affects citizenship of residents.
[CHAPTER]Part III of Constitution
Part III of Constitution deals with?|Fundamental Rights|Covers Articles 12 to 35, enforceable rights against the state.
Articles in Part III?|Articles 12–35|Defines six groups of rights.
Fundamental Rights borrowed from?|USA|Modeled on US Bill of Rights.
Part III called what?|Magna Carta of India|Protects individual liberty against state power.
Fundamental Rights enforceable?|Yes|Can be enforced by Supreme Court and High Courts.
Which right called Heart and Soul of Constitution?|Article 32|Right to Constitutional Remedies.
Who called Article 32 Heart and Soul?|B. R. Ambedkar|Stressed its centrality.
Total Fundamental Rights originally?|7|Including Right to Property.
Present Fundamental Rights?|6|Right to Property removed in 1978.
Which Fundamental Right removed?|Right to Property|Made legal right by 44th Amendment.
Right to Equality articles?|Articles 14–18|Equality before law to abolition of titles.
Right to Freedom articles?|Articles 19–22|Six freedoms to protection against arrest.
Right against Exploitation articles?|Articles 23–24|Prohibits trafficking and child labour.
Right to Freedom of Religion articles?|Articles 25–28|Conscience to religious instruction.
Cultural & Educational Rights articles?|Articles 29–30|Protects minorities' culture and education.
Right to Constitutional Remedies article?|Article 32|Direct access to Supreme Court.
Article 12 defines what?|State|For purpose of Fundamental Rights.
State includes whom?|Govt, Parliament, Legislature, local authorities|Also other authorities under government control.
Fundamental Rights enforceable mainly against whom?|State|Primarily vertical against state action.
PSU can be state under Article 12?|Yes in some cases|If deep state control exists.
Article 13 deals with?|Judicial review|Laws inconsistent with FR are void.
Laws violating Fundamental Rights become?|Void|To extent of contravention.
Doctrine of Judicial Review under?|Article 13|Courts can strike down unconstitutional laws.
Pre-constitutional laws inconsistent with FR become?|Void to extent of inconsistency|Doctrine of eclipse applies.
Articles related to Right to Equality?|14–18|Five articles.
Article 14 deals with?|Equality before law|General equality guarantee.
Article 15 prohibits?|Discrimination|On religion, race, caste, sex, birthplace.
Article 16 deals with?|Equal opportunity in public employment|Jobs under state.
Article 17 abolishes?|Untouchability|Social disability.
Article 18 abolishes?|Titles|Except military and academic.
Article 14 guarantees what?|Equality before law & equal protection of laws|Two concepts combined.
Equality before law borrowed from?|Britain|Dicey's rule of law.
Equal protection of laws borrowed from?|USA|14th Amendment.
Equality before law means?|No special privilege|All equal before courts.
Equal protection means?|Equal treatment in similar conditions|State can make reasonable classification.
Article 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds of?|Religion, race, caste, sex, birthplace|Five prohibited grounds.
Special provisions for women and children allowed?|Yes|Article 15(3) permits affirmative action.
Reservation connected to which article?|Article 15|For socially backward classes.
Educational reservation under which article?|Article 15(4), 15(5)|For SC, ST, OBC, EWS.
Article 16 related to?|Public employment|Equality in government jobs.
Reservation in jobs under?|Article 16|16(4) for backward classes.
Equality of opportunity means?|Equal job opportunity|Merit with reservation.
Reservation for backward classes allowed?|Yes|If inadequately represented.
Article 17 abolishes what?|Untouchability|Practice abolished.
Untouchability practice punishable under?|Protection of Civil Rights Act|1955 law.
Article 17 available against private individuals also?|Yes|Horizontal application.
Article 18 abolishes?|Titles|Hereditary titles like Rai Bahadur.
Military and academic titles allowed?|Yes|Exception for merit.
"Sir" title abolished under?|Article 18|British honours not recognized.
Bharat Ratna violates Article 18?|No|Supreme Court held it is award not title.
Articles related to Right to Freedom?|19–22|Four articles.
Article 19 available to whom?|Citizens only|Not to foreigners.
Article 20 related to?|Protection in criminal cases|Ex post facto, double jeopardy, self-incrimination.
Article 21 related to?|Right to Life and Personal Liberty|Broadest FR.
Article 22 related to?|Protection against arrest and detention|Procedural safeguards.
Article 19 gives how many freedoms originally?|7|Included right to property.
Present freedoms under Article 19?|6|Property removed.
Freedom removed from Article 19?|Right to Property|Deleted by 44th Amendment.
Article 19 available to citizens or foreigners?|Citizens only|Political freedoms.
Freedom of speech and expression under?|Article 19(1)(a)|Includes press freedom.
Freedom of assembly under?|Article 19(1)(b)|Peaceful without arms.
Freedom of association under?|Article 19(1)(c)|Form unions.
Freedom of movement under?|Article 19(1)(d)|Throughout India.
Freedom of residence under?|Article 19(1)(e)|Settle anywhere.
Freedom of profession under?|Article 19(1)(g)|Any trade or occupation.
Article 20 protects against?|Arbitrary criminal punishment|Three protections.
Ex post facto law prohibited under?|Article 20|No retroactive criminal law.
Double jeopardy prohibited under?|Article 20|No twice punishment for same offence.
Self-incrimination prohibited under?|Article 20|No compulsion to be witness against self.
Article 20 available to foreigners?|Yes|Applies to all persons.
Article 21 deals with?|Life and personal liberty|No deprivation except procedure by law.
"Procedure established by law" borrowed from?|Japan|Not due process of US.
Article 21 available to foreigners?|Yes|Applies to all persons.
Right to privacy under which article?|Article 21|Puttaswamy 2017.
Right to clean environment under?|Article 21|Expanded by courts.
Right to education earlier under?|Article 21|Before 21A, read into life.
Article 21A deals with?|Right to Education|Free compulsory education.
Added by which amendment?|86th Amendment|2002.
Education right age group?|6–14 years|Elementary education.
Right to Education made FR in?|2002|Enforced 2010.
Article 22 deals with?|Arrest and detention|Safeguards for detainees.
Preventive detention allowed in India?|Yes|Under Article 22(3) to (7).
Preventive detention means?|Detention before crime|To prevent potential offence.
Maximum detention without advisory board?|3 months|Beyond needs board approval.
Articles related to exploitation?|23–24|Two articles.
Article 23 prohibits?|Human trafficking and forced labour|Begar and similar.
Article 24 prohibits?|Child labour in hazardous jobs|Under 14 years.
Child below what age protected under Article 24?|14 years|Employment banned in hazardous work.
Article 23 prohibits?|Traffic in human beings|Sale and purchase.
Forced labour prohibited under?|Article 23|Begar banned.
Begar means?|Forced unpaid labour|Traditional exploitation.
Article 23 available against private individuals?|Yes|Horizontal right.
Article 24 prohibits what?|Child labour|In factories, mines etc.
Hazardous employment under Article 24?|Prohibited|For children below 14.
Minimum age under Article 24?|Below 14 years|Protects children.
Articles related to religion?|25–28|Four articles.
Article 25 gives?|Freedom of conscience and religion|Profess, practice, propagate.
Article 26 gives?|Freedom to manage religious affairs|Establish institutions.
Article 27 deals with?|Freedom from religious taxes|No tax for religion promotion.
Article 28 deals with?|Religious instruction|In state educational institutions.
Articles related to cultural rights?|29–30|Minority rights.
Article 29 protects what?|Language, script, culture|Of any section of citizens.
Article 30 gives rights to whom?|Minorities|Religious and linguistic.
Minority educational institutions protected under?|Article 30|Establish and administer.
Article 32 deals with?|Constitutional Remedies|Right to move Supreme Court.
Right to move Supreme Court under?|Article 32|For FR enforcement.
Article 32 itself is a?|Fundamental Right|Cannot be suspended except emergency.
Writs issued under Article 32 by?|Supreme Court|For FR enforcement.
Article 32 suspended during emergency?|Yes except Articles 20 & 21|44th Amendment protection.
Total writs?|5|Habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, quo warranto.
Habeas Corpus means?|Produce the body|Against illegal detention.
Mandamus means?|We command|Directs public duty.
Prohibition means?|Stop proceedings|Higher court stops lower court.
Certiorari means?|Quash order|Transfer and quash.
Quo Warranto means?|By what authority|Challenges illegal office holding.
Right to Property originally under which article?|Article 31|Part of FR.
Right to Property removed by?|44th Amendment|1978.
Present status of Right to Property?|Legal Right|Not fundamental.
Present article for property right?|Article 300A|Constitutional legal right.
FR suspended during emergency under?|Article 359|President can suspend enforcement.
Which rights cannot be suspended?|Articles 20 & 21|Protection in criminal cases and life.
Article 19 automatically suspended during?|National Emergency|Under Article 358 when war/external aggression.
Doctrine of Severability under?|Article 13|Void part severed, rest stands.
Doctrine of Eclipse applies to?|Pre-constitutional laws|Overshadowed, not dead.
Judicial Review connected with?|Article 13|Basis for review.
Kesavananda Bharati case related to?|Basic Structure Doctrine|1973.
Maneka Gandhi case related to?|Article 21 expansion|1978, due process.
Golaknath case related to?|Amendment & FR|1967, Parliament cannot amend FR.
Minerva Mills case related to?|Balance FR & DPSP|1980.
A.K. Gopalan case related to?|Personal liberty|1950, narrow view.
Puttaswamy case related to?|Right to Privacy|2017, privacy under Article 21.
44th Amendment related to?|Removed Right to Property|1978.
86th Amendment related to?|Right to Education|2002.
1st Amendment related to?|Reasonable restrictions|1951, added to Article 19.
Fundamental Rights enforceable?|Yes|By courts.
DPSP enforceable?|No|Non-justiciable.
Article 32 vs 226?|SC only vs SC & HC|32 for FR only, 226 wider.
Equality before law vs equal protection?|British vs American concept|Negative vs positive equality.
Article 19 available to foreigners?|No|Only citizens.
Article 21 available only to citizens?|No|Available to all persons.
Right to Property still Fundamental Right?|No|Now legal right under 300A.
Preventive detention prohibited in India?|No|Allowed under Article 22.
All FR suspended during emergency?|No|Articles 20 and 21 remain.
Writs issued only by Supreme Court?|No|High Courts also under Article 226.
[CHAPTER] Part IV of Constitution
Part IV of Constitution deals with?|Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)|Covers Articles 36 to 51, non-justiciable guidelines for governance.
Articles in Part IV?|Articles 36–51|Sixteen articles laying down state policy goals.
DPSP borrowed from?|Ireland|Irish Constitution 1937 model.
Ireland borrowed DPSP from?|Spain|Spanish Constitution 1931 inspired Ireland.
DPSP enforceable in court?|No|Courts cannot compel implementation.
Nature of DPSP?|Non-justiciable|Moral and political directives.
Main aim of DPSP?|Welfare State|Establish social and economic democracy.
DPSP are positive obligations on whom?|State|Direct state to act.
Which article defines "State" for DPSP?|Article 36|Same definition as Article 12 for FR.
Article 36 defines what?|State|Includes government, Parliament, legislatures, local authorities.
State definition in DPSP same as which article?|Article 12|Identical scope for FR and DPSP.
DPSP applicable mainly against whom?|State|Directs state action.
Article 37 states what about DPSP?|Not enforceable by courts|But fundamental in governance.
DPSP fundamental in governance?|Yes|Article 37 declares them fundamental.
Duty of State regarding DPSP?|Apply them in lawmaking|Moral duty to implement.
DPSP legally enforceable?|No|Cannot be claimed in court.
Types of DPSP?|Socialist, Gandhian, Liberal-Intellectual|Three broad categories.
Socialist principles aim?|Social & economic justice|Reduce inequalities.
Gandhian principles based on?|Gandhi's ideology|Village self-rule, cottage industry.
Liberal principles focus on?|Democracy & administration|UCC, judiciary separation, international peace.
Equal justice and free legal aid under?|Article 39A|Added by 42nd Amendment.
Equal pay for equal work under?|Article 39(d)|Socialist principle.
Protection of workers under?|Article 42|Just and humane conditions.
Living wage for workers under?|Article 43|Decent standard of life.
Participation of workers in management under?|Article 43A|Industrial democracy.
Minimize inequalities under?|Article 38|Social order based on justice.
Village Panchayats under?|Article 40|Gandhian local self-government.
Promotion of cottage industries under?|Article 43|Gandhian economic model.
Prohibition of cow slaughter under?|Article 48|Agriculture and animal husbandry.
Promotion of weaker sections under?|Article 46|SC/ST educational and economic interests.
Organization of agriculture & animal husbandry under?|Article 48|Scientific farming.
Uniform Civil Code under?|Article 44|Liberal principle for common civil law.
Separation of judiciary from executive under?|Article 50|Liberal principle for judicial independence.
Protection of monuments under?|Article 49|Preserve national heritage.
International peace under?|Article 51|Promote peace and respect international law.
Article 38 aims at?|Social order based on justice|Minimize inequalities in income and status.
Article 38 focuses on reducing?|Inequalities|Social, economic, political.
Social, economic and political justice under?|Article 38|Core socialist directive.
Article 39 deals with?|Principles of policy|Distribution of resources and livelihood.
Adequate livelihood under?|Article 39(a)|Right to adequate means.
Equal pay for equal work under?|Article 39(d)|Gender equality in wages.
Protection of childhood under?|Article 39(e) & (f)|Against exploitation.
Distribution of material resources under?|Article 39(b)|Prevent concentration.
Prevention of wealth concentration under?|Article 39(c)|Avoid common detriment.
Article 39A deals with?|Free legal aid|Equal justice.
Equal justice under which article?|Article 39A|Ensures access to justice.
Added by which amendment?|42nd Amendment|1976.
Article 40 deals with?|Village Panchayats|Organize village panchayats.
Panchayati Raj inspiration from?|Gandhian philosophy|Decentralization.
Local self-government promoted under?|Article 40|Basis for 73rd Amendment.
Article 41 deals with?|Right to work, education, public assistance|Within economic capacity.
Assistance during unemployment under?|Article 41|State to provide relief.
Old age assistance under?|Article 41|Social security.
Article 42 deals with?|Just and humane conditions of work|Labour welfare.
Maternity relief under?|Article 42|Special provision for women.
Article 43 deals with?|Living wage|Decent standard of life for workers.
Cottage industries promoted under?|Article 43|Rural employment.
Workers decent standard of life under?|Article 43|Living wage and conditions.
Article 43A deals with?|Workers participation in management|Industrial democracy.
Added by which amendment?|42nd Amendment|1976.
Article 44 deals with?|Uniform Civil Code|Common civil code for all.
UCC means?|Same civil laws for all citizens|Marriage, divorce, inheritance etc.
UCC related to marriage, divorce, inheritance?|Yes|Core civil matters.
Article 45 original related to?|Free and compulsory education|Up to age 14.
Age group originally under Article 45?|Up to 14 years|Before 86th Amendment.
After 86th Amendment Article 45 relates to?|Early childhood care|Below 6 years.
Right to Education moved to which article?|Article 21A|Made fundamental right.
Article 46 deals with?|Weaker sections|SC/ST promotion.
SC/ST educational interests promoted under?|Article 46|Special care.
Protection from social injustice under?|Article 46|Economic upliftment.
Article 47 deals with?|Nutrition and public health|Raise standard of living.
Prohibition of intoxicating drinks under?|Article 47|Except medicinal purposes.
Raising nutrition level under?|Article 47|Public health duty.
Article 48 deals with?|Agriculture & animal husbandry|Modern scientific methods.
Cow slaughter prohibition under?|Article 48|Preserve cattle breeds.
Article 48A deals with?|Environment protection|Protect forests and wildlife.
Added by which amendment?|42nd Amendment|1976.
Forest and wildlife protection under?|Article 48A|Environmental directive.
Article 49 deals with?|Protection of monuments|Of national importance.
National importance monuments protected under?|Article 49|Prevent spoliation.
Article 50 deals with?|Separation of judiciary from executive|Judicial independence.
Judicial independence promoted under?|Article 50|Separate judicial service.
Article 51 deals with?|International peace and security|Promote peace, respect treaties.
Respect for international law under?|Article 51|Foster respect for international law.
Fundamental Rights enforceable?|Yes|Justiciable in courts.
DPSP enforceable?|No|Non-justiciable.
FR are negative obligations?|Mostly Yes|Restrain state action.
DPSP are positive obligations?|Yes|Require state action.
FR promote political democracy?|Yes|Civil and political rights.
DPSP promote social/economic democracy?|Yes|Welfare goals.
42nd Amendment added which DPSP articles?|39A, 43A, 48A|Legal aid, workers participation, environment.
86th Amendment related to DPSP?|Modified Article 45|Shifted education to 21A.
44th Amendment related to property?|Right to Property removed|From FR to legal right.
Champakam Dorairajan case related to?|FR vs DPSP|1951, FR prevailed over DPSP.
Minerva Mills case related to?|Balance between FR and DPSP|1980, harmony is basic structure.
Kesavananda Bharati case related to?|Basic Structure Doctrine|1973, FR and DPSP balance part of structure.
Supreme Court view on FR vs DPSP now?|Harmony and balance|Neither superior, must coexist.
Minerva Mills case year?|1980|Struck down clause giving DPSP primacy.
Minerva Mills emphasized what?|Balance between FR & DPSP|Neither can destroy the other.
Harmony between FR & DPSP part of?|Basic Structure|Essential feature of Constitution.
DPSP borrowed from?|Ireland|Reiteration for comparison.
FR borrowed from?|USA|Bill of Rights model.
DPSP justiciable?|No|Cannot be enforced.
FR justiciable?|Yes|Enforceable.
Article 32 belongs to?|FR|Constitutional remedies.
Article 37 belongs to?|DPSP|Non-enforceability clause.
DPSP enforceable in court?|No|Courts cannot compel.
UCC under Fundamental Rights?|No|UCC is DPSP under Article 44.
Equal pay for equal work under FR?|No|It is DPSP under Article 39(d).
DPSP legally useless?|No|Fundamental in governance though non-justiciable.
Panchayats originally FR?|No|Originally DPSP Article 40, later Part IX.
Environment protection originally in Constitution?|No|Added by 42nd Amendment as Article 48A.
[CHAPTER] Part IVA of Constitution
Fundamental Duties added by which amendment?|42nd Amendment 1976|During Emergency.
Part added?|Part IVA|New part after Part IV.
Article for Fundamental Duties?|Article 51A|Single article with clauses.
Inspired by which country?|USSR|Former Soviet Union.
Committee recommended?|Swaran Singh Committee|1976.
Original number of duties?|10|Added in 1976.
Present number of duties?|11|After 86th Amendment.
11th duty added by?|86th Amendment 2002|Education duty.
Fundamental Duties are?|Moral obligations|Non-justiciable.
Are Fundamental Duties enforceable by courts?|No|Not directly enforceable.
Can Parliament make law to enforce?|Yes|Can provide penalties.
Fundamental Duties apply to?|Citizens only|Not foreigners.
Fundamental Duties vs Fundamental Rights?|Duties are obligations, Rights are claims|Complementary.
Duty 1?|Abide by Constitution and respect ideals, institutions, National Flag, National Anthem|Article 51A(a).
Respect National Flag and Anthem includes?|Prevention of Insults Act 1971|Legal backing.
Duty 2?|Cherish noble ideals of freedom struggle|Article 51A(b)|Inspire patriotism.
Duty 3?|Uphold sovereignty, unity, integrity of India|Article 51A(c)|National unity.
Duty 4?|Defend country and render national service|Article 51A(d)|When called upon.
Duty 5?|Promote harmony and spirit of brotherhood|Article 51A(e)|Beyond religion, language, region.
Duty 5 also includes?|Renounce practices derogatory to women|Gender equality.
Duty 6?|Preserve rich heritage of composite culture|Article 51A(f)|Cultural preservation.
Duty 7?|Protect natural environment|Article 51A(g)|Forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife.
Duty 7 also includes?|Have compassion for living creatures|Environmental duty.
Duty 8?|Develop scientific temper, humanism, spirit of inquiry|Article 51A(h)|Rational thinking.
Duty 9?|Safeguard public property|Article 51A(i)|Abjure violence.
Duty 10?|Strive for excellence|Article 51A(j)|Individual and collective activity.
Duty 11?|Provide education to child 6-14 years|Article 51A(k)|Added 2002.
Duty 11 corresponds to?|Article 21A Right to Education|Parent or guardian duty.
Fundamental Duties are placed after?|Directive Principles|Part IV then IVA.
Fundamental Duties help in?|Interpreting laws|Courts use as aid.
Verma Committee 1999 related to?|Identify existence of legal provisions for duties|Implementation.
Fundamental Duties are not?|Justiciable|Cannot sue for violation.
Violation of duty can lead to?|No direct punishment|Unless law made.
Some duties backed by laws?|Yes|Flag code, Wildlife Act, Environment Act.
Fundamental Duties balance with?|Rights|Rights imply duties.
Trick for 11 Duties|CRIPED HESSP|Constitution, Respect ideals, Integrity, Patriotism, Environment, Duty to defend, Harmony, Scientific temper, Safeguard property, Strive excellence, Provide education|Memory aid.
Trick for amendments|42 added 10, 86 added 1|1976 and 2002.
[CHAPTER] Part V of Constitution
Part V of Constitution deals with?|Union Government|Covers Articles 52 to 151 on central executive, legislature, judiciary and audit.
Articles in Part V?|Articles 52–151|Longest part dealing with Union institutions.
Part V related to which level of government?|Central/Union Government|Deals with national-level organs.
Three major organs under Part V?|Executive, Legislature, Judiciary|Plus CAG as audit authority.
Union Government structure inspired from?|Britain + USA|Parliamentary executive from Britain, judicial review from USA.
Union Executive articles?|Articles 52–78|President to Attorney General.
Parliament articles?|Articles 79–122|Composition, powers, procedures.
Supreme Court articles?|Articles 124–147|Constitution and jurisdiction.
CAG articles?|Articles 148–151|Appointment and duties.
Largest chapter in Part V?|Parliament|Articles 79–122 form biggest block.
Most asked SSC area in Part V?|Parliament & President|Frequent exam focus.
Components of Union Executive?|President, VP, PM, Council of Ministers, AG|Five key functionaries.
Components of Parliament?|President + Rajya Sabha + Lok Sabha|Article 79 defines Parliament.
Highest judicial body under Union?|Supreme Court|Apex court under Part V.
Constitutional audit authority?|CAG|Audits Union and states.
Nominal executive head of India?|President|Head of state, acts on advice.
Real executive authority exercised by?|Prime Minister & Council of Ministers|Exercises actual power.
Parliamentary executive system borrowed from?|Britain|Westminster model.
President acts on whose aid and advice?|Council of Ministers|Binding under Article 74.
Article related to Council aiding President?|Article 74|Provides aid and advice.
Article related to President?|Article 52|Creates office of President.
First citizen of India?|President|Protocol precedence.
Supreme Commander of Armed Forces?|President|Command under Article 53.
President elected directly or indirectly?|Indirectly|By electoral college.
Electoral college includes whom?|MPs + elected MLAs|Both houses of Parliament and state assemblies.
Term of President?|5 years|Eligible for re-election.
Removal of President by?|Impeachment|Article 61 process.
Article related to Vice-President?|Article 63|Creates office.
Ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha?|Vice-President|Presides over upper house.
Vice-President elected by whom?|MPs of both Houses|Electoral college of Parliament.
Removal of Vice-President by?|Rajya Sabha resolution|Passed by majority then Lok Sabha agrees.
VP acts as President during?|Vacancy/absence|Discharges functions.
Real executive head of India?|Prime Minister|Head of government.
PM appointed by whom?|President|Appoints leader of majority.
Council of Ministers headed by?|Prime Minister|Article 74.
PM leader of which body?|Cabinet|Inner circle of Council.
PM usually belongs to which House?|Lok Sabha|By convention, though can be RS.
PM acts as link between President and Cabinet?|Yes|Communicates decisions under Article 78.
Council of Ministers mentioned in which article?|Article 74|Aid and advice to President.
Council collectively responsible to?|Lok Sabha|Article 75(3).
Cabinet is part of?|Council of Ministers|Smaller decision-making body.
Collective responsibility means?|Ministers stand together|Sink or swim together.
Individual responsibility means?|Minister responsible for department|Answerable to PM and Parliament.
Highest legal officer of India?|Attorney General|Chief legal advisor.
AG appointed by whom?|President|Under Article 76.
AG mentioned in which article?|Article 76|Qualifications same as SC judge.
AG can participate in Parliament?|Yes|Can speak in both houses.
AG voting right in Parliament?|No|No vote, only advisory.
Parliament mentioned in which article?|Article 79|Defines composition.
Components of Parliament?|President + Rajya Sabha + Lok Sabha|Three parts.
Upper House of Parliament?|Rajya Sabha|Council of States.
Lower House of Parliament?|Lok Sabha|House of People.
Rajya Sabha permanent house?|Yes|Not subject to dissolution.
Lok Sabha tenure?|5 years normally|Unless dissolved earlier.
Maximum strength of Rajya Sabha?|250|238 elected + 12 nominated.
Present strength approximately?|245|233 elected + 12 nominated.
Nominated members in Rajya Sabha?|12|For arts, science, literature.
RS members elected by whom?|Elected MLAs|By proportional representation.
Vice-President chairman of?|Rajya Sabha|Ex-officio.
Rajya Sabha dissolved?|No|One-third retire every two years.
Maximum strength of Lok Sabha?|552|530 states + 20 UTs + 2 Anglo-Indian (now abolished).
Present elected strength?|543|530 states + 13 UTs.
Lok Sabha directly elected?|Yes|By adult suffrage.
Money Bill introduced in?|Lok Sabha|Only lower house under Article 109.
Speaker belongs to which House?|Lok Sabha|Presiding officer.
Highest court of India?|Supreme Court|Apex judicial body.
Supreme Court established under which article?|Article 124|Constitution and appointment.
Guardian of Constitution?|Supreme Court|Protects fundamental rights.
Final interpreter of Constitution?|Supreme Court|Binding interpretation.
Power of Judicial Review belongs to?|Supreme Court|Can strike down unconstitutional laws.
Writ jurisdiction under?|Articles 32 & 226|SC under 32, HC under 226.
CAG stands for?|Comptroller and Auditor General|Constitutional audit authority.
CAG mentioned under which articles?|148–151|Appointment, duties, reports.
CAG appointed by whom?|President|Security of tenure like SC judge.
CAG called what?|Guardian of Public Purse|Ensures financial accountability.
CAG audits whom?|Union & State accounts|All government expenditures.
Article 52 topic?|President|Creation of office.
Article 63 topic?|Vice-President|Creation of office.
Article 74 topic?|Council of Ministers|Aid and advice.
Article 76 topic?|Attorney General|Appointment.
Article 79 topic?|Parliament|Composition.
Article 124 topic?|Supreme Court|Establishment.
Article 148 topic?|CAG|Appointment.
Nominal executive vs real executive?|President vs PM|President head of state, PM head of government.
Permanent House vs temporary House?|RS vs LS|RS continuous, LS dissolved every 5 years.
Highest legal officer vs audit officer?|AG vs CAG|AG advises legally, CAG audits financially.
Directly elected House?|Lok Sabha|People directly vote.
Indirectly elected House?|Rajya Sabha|Elected by MLAs.
President real executive?|No|Real power with PM and Council.
Rajya Sabha dissolved?|No|Permanent house.
AG can vote in Parliament?|No|Can speak but no vote.
PM elected directly by people?|No|PM is MP chosen by majority party.
CAG part of Parliament?|No|Independent constitutional authority.
Parliament consists only LS & RS?|No, President also|Article 79 includes President.
Type of executive in India?|Parliamentary Executive|PM accountable to Lok Sabha.
Type of legislature?|Bicameral|Two houses plus President.
Type of judiciary?|Integrated judiciary|Single hierarchy from SC to lower courts.
India follows separation of powers strictly?|No|Functional overlap with checks.
Parliamentary sovereignty or constitutional supremacy?|Constitutional supremacy|Parliament bound by Constitution.
Parliamentary system borrowed from?|Britain|Westminster model.
Judicial Review borrowed from?|USA|Power to review laws.
Nominal head concept borrowed from?|Britain|King/Queen model.
Impeachment procedure inspired from?|USA|For President removal.
Trick for Part V Structure|Executive Parliament Court Audit|Memory aid for order.
Executive|Articles 52–78|President to AG.
Parliament|Articles 79–122|Law-making body.
Supreme Court|Articles 124–147|Apex judiciary.
CAG|Articles 148–151|Audit authority.
[CHAPTER] President
President mentioned in which article?|Article 52|Creates the office of President of India.
Article 52 states what?|There shall be a President of India|Establishes the head of state.
Executive power of Union vested in whom?|President|Article 53 vests executive power.
Article related to executive power?|Article 53|Power exercisable directly or through subordinates.
President is nominal or real executive?|Nominal executive|Real power exercised by Council of Ministers.
Real executive authority exercised by whom?|Prime Minister & Council of Ministers|Under parliamentary system.
President acts on whose advice?|Council of Ministers|Binding under Article 74.
Aid and advice article?|Article 74|President shall act on ministerial advice.
First citizen of India?|President|Protocol precedence.
Supreme Commander of Armed Forces?|President|Command of defence forces.
President elected directly or indirectly?|Indirectly|By electoral college, not public vote.
Election mentioned under which article?|Article 54|Defines electoral college.
Electoral college includes whom?|Elected MPs + elected MLAs|Of Parliament and state assemblies.
Nominated MPs vote in Presidential election?|No|Only elected members vote.
Nominated MLAs vote?|No|No nominated members.
Legislative Council members vote?|No|Only assembly members.
Delhi & Puducherry MLAs vote?|Yes|UTs with assemblies included.
Voting system used?|Single Transferable Vote|Proportional representation method.
Representation system used?|Proportional Representation|Ensures vote value parity.
Voting done by?|Secret ballot|Ensures free choice.
Elected Lok Sabha MPs vote?|Yes|Part of electoral college.
Elected Rajya Sabha MPs vote?|Yes|Both houses included.
State Assembly MLAs vote?|Yes|Elected members only.
State Legislative Council members vote?|No|Excluded.
Nominated members vote?|No|Excluded from both houses.
MLA vote value based on?|Population of state|Population divided by elected MLAs.
MP vote value based on?|Total MLA votes|Total state votes divided by total MPs.
Principle behind vote value?|Uniformity among states|Ensures parity between states and Union.
Population considered from which census currently?|1971 Census|Frozen by 42nd Amendment to avoid population bias.
Qualifications mentioned under which article?|Article 58|Eligibility criteria.
Minimum age for President?|35 years|Must have attained age.
Must be citizen of?|India|Citizen by birth or naturalization.
Eligible for membership of which House?|Lok Sabha|Qualified to be MP of Lok Sabha.
Office of profit allowed?|No|Cannot hold profit office under government.
President can be MP simultaneously?|No|Vacates seat on election.
President entitled to official residence?|Yes|Rashtrapati Bhavan.
Salary of President charged on?|Consolidated Fund of India|Not votable in Parliament.
President salary reduced during emergency?|No|Cannot be reduced during term.
Oath article?|Article 60|Form of oath.
Oath administered by whom?|Chief Justice of India|Administers oath.
In absence of CJI oath administered by?|Senior-most SC judge|Next in seniority.
President oath includes what?|Preserve, protect and defend Constitution|Swears to uphold law.
Term of President?|5 years|From date of entering office.
Article related to term?|Article 56|Tenure and resignation.
President resigns to whom?|Vice-President|Submits resignation.
President eligible for re-election?|Yes|No term limit.
Any limit on re-election?|No|Can be re-elected any number.
Vacancy filled within how many months?|6 months|Election must be held.
Vice-President acts as President during vacancy?|Yes|Discharges functions.
If VP unavailable then who acts?|Chief Justice of India|As per convention and law.
Removal of President by?|Impeachment|Only constitutional process.
Impeachment article?|Article 61|Procedure for removal.
Grounds for impeachment?|Violation of Constitution|Only ground specified.
Which House can initiate impeachment?|Either House|Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha.
Notice period required?|14 days|Signed by one-fourth members.
Majority required?|Special Majority|Two-thirds of total membership.
Investigation done by whom?|Other House|Investigates charges.
President can defend himself?|Yes|Right to appear and be represented.
VP acts as President when?|Death/resignation/removal|Temporary vacancy.
Maximum acting period by VP?|6 months|Until new President elected.
Election during vacancy within?|6 months|Mandatory timeline.
Executive powers under which article?|Article 53|All executive actions in President's name.
PM appointed by whom?|President|Appoints leader of majority.
Governors appointed by whom?|President|For states.
CJI appointed by whom?|President|After consultation.
AG appointed by whom?|President|Attorney General.
Election Commissioners appointed by whom?|President|Chief and other ECs.
UPSC members appointed by whom?|President|Union Public Service Commission.
President summons Parliament?|Yes|Summons each house.
President prorogues Parliament?|Yes|Ends session.
President dissolves Lok Sabha?|Yes|On PM's advice.
Joint sitting summoned by whom?|President|Under Article 108.
Address to Parliament by whom?|President|Special address at start of session.
Money Bill introduced only with whose recommendation?|President|Prior recommendation mandatory.
Ordinance power under which article?|Article 123|Legislative power when Parliament not in session.
Ordinance article?|Article 123|Same as above.
Ordinance issued when?|Parliament not in session|Either house not sitting.
Ordinance has force equal to?|Law of Parliament|Temporary law.
Ordinance approved within how many weeks?|6 weeks after reassembly|Must be laid before Parliament.
President exercises ordinance power on whose advice?|Council of Ministers|Not discretionary.
Annual Budget caused to be laid by whom?|President|Article 112, annual financial statement.
Money Bill recommendation by whom?|President|Required under Article 117.
Contingency Fund held by whom?|President|Article 267, for unforeseen expenditure.
Finance Commission appointed by whom?|President|Every five years under Article 280.
Pardoning power article?|Article 72|President's clemency power.
President appoints SC judges?|Yes|Under Article 124.
President seeks advisory opinion from SC under?|Article 143|On questions of law.
Article related to pardon?|Article 72|Five types of clemency.
President can pardon death sentence?|Yes|Can pardon, commute etc.
President pardon applies to court martial?|Yes|Military courts included.
Governor can pardon death sentence completely?|No|Governor cannot pardon death, only suspend.
President exercises pardon on whose advice?|Council of Ministers|Binding advice.
Pardon means?|Complete removal of punishment|Absolves conviction and sentence.
Reprieve means?|Temporary stay|Delays execution.
Respite means?|Lesser punishment|Due to special circumstances.
Remission means?|Reduction of sentence duration|Without changing nature.
Commutation means?|Change to lighter punishment|E.g., death to life.
Types of veto powers?|Absolute, Suspensive, Pocket|Three types in practice.
Absolute veto means?|Bill rejected completely|Withholds assent.
Suspensive veto means?|Returned for reconsideration|Parliament can override.
Pocket veto means?|No action indefinitely|Keeps bill pending.
Pocket veto not mentioned in Constitution?|Yes|No time limit prescribed.
President can veto Constitutional Amendment Bill?|No|Must give assent under Article 368.
Types of emergencies?|National, State, Financial|Three types.
National Emergency article?|Article 352|On war, external aggression, armed rebellion.
President's Rule article?|Article 356|State constitutional machinery failure.
Financial Emergency article?|Article 360|Threat to financial stability.
Emergency proclaimed by whom?|President|On written cabinet advice.
Supreme Commander of Armed Forces?|President|Military command.
International treaties executed in whose name?|President|In name of Republic.
Ambassadors appointed by whom?|President|Diplomatic appointments.
President has absolute discretionary powers?|No|Acts on ministerial advice.
Situations of limited discretion?|Hung Parliament etc|Appointing PM when no majority.
President can once return ordinary bill?|Yes|Suspensive veto once.
President bound after reconsideration?|Yes|Must give assent if passed again.
Article 52 topic?|President|Creation.
Article 53 topic?|Executive power|Vesting.
Article 54 topic?|Election|Electoral college.
Article 56 topic?|Term|Five years.
Article 58 topic?|Qualifications|Eligibility.
Article 60 topic?|Oath|Form.
Article 61 topic?|Impeachment|Removal.
Article 72 topic?|Pardoning|Clemency.
Article 74 topic?|Aid & advice|Council of Ministers.
Article 123 topic?|Ordinance|Legislative power.
Real executive vs nominal executive?|PM vs President|PM exercises power, President is head.
President election voters?|Elected MPs & MLAs|Only elected members.
VP election voters?|MPs only|Both elected and nominated MPs.
President pardon vs Governor pardon?|President can pardon death sentence|Governor cannot pardon death fully.
President directly elected?|No|Indirect election.
Nominated MPs vote in President election?|No|Only elected.
President real executive?|No|Nominal head.
President can veto Constitutional Amendment Bill?|No|Must assent.
President acts independently normally?|No|Acts on Council advice.
Governor can fully pardon death sentence?|No|Only President can.
Shamsher Singh case related to?|President acts on ministerial advice|1974, established binding nature of advice.
Kehar Singh case related to?|Pardoning power|1988, scope of Article 72.
Minerva Mills case related to?|Constitutional balance|1980, limits on amending power affecting President's role.
[CHAPTER] Vice-President
Vice-President mentioned in which article?|Article 63|Creates the office of Vice-President of India.
Article 63 states what?|There shall be a Vice-President of India|Establishes second highest constitutional office.
Vice-President is second highest constitutional office?|Yes|After President in order of precedence.
Ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha?|Vice-President|Article 64 provides this role.
VP acts as President during?|Vacancy/absence of President|Discharges presidential functions.
Vice-President elected directly or indirectly?|Indirectly|By electoral college of Parliament.
Election article of VP?|Article 66|Lays down qualifications and election.
Electoral college for VP includes whom?|Members of both Houses of Parliament|Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha MPs.
Elected MPs vote in VP election?|Yes|All elected MPs participate.
Nominated MPs vote in VP election?|Yes|Unlike President election, nominated MPs vote.
MLAs participate in VP election?|No|State legislatures excluded.
Voting system used?|Single Transferable Vote|Proportional representation.
Representation system?|Proportional Representation|Ensures proportional outcome.
Voting done by?|Secret ballot|Ensures free choice.
MLAs vote in President election?|Yes|President's college includes MLAs.
MLAs vote in VP election?|No|Only Parliament votes.
Nominated MPs vote in President election?|No|Excluded for President.
Nominated MPs vote in VP election?|Yes|Included for VP.
Electoral college larger for President or VP?|President|Larger because includes MLAs.
Qualification article for VP?|Article 66|Same article covers election and qualifications.
Minimum age for Vice-President?|35 years|Same as President.
Must be citizen of?|India|Citizen of India.
Eligible for membership of which House?|Rajya Sabha|Qualified to be RS member.
Office of profit allowed?|No|Cannot hold profit office.
Term of Vice-President?|5 years|From date of entering office.
Article related to term?|Article 67|Tenure provisions.
VP resigns to whom?|President|Submits resignation to President.
VP eligible for re-election?|Yes|No bar on re-election.
Any limit on re-election?|No|Can be re-elected indefinitely.
Oath article?|Article 69|Form of oath.
Oath administered by whom?|President|Administers oath to VP.
VP oath includes what?|Faithfulness to Constitution|Swears to uphold Constitution.
VP removed by whom?|Rajya Sabha|Initiates removal.
Removal resolution initiated in which House?|Rajya Sabha only|Only RS can start.
Lok Sabha role in removal?|Must agree|Simple majority in LS required.
Notice period for removal?|14 days|Prior notice required.
Type of majority required in RS?|Effective Majority|Majority of then members.
Impeachment used for VP?|No|Impeachment only for President, VP removed by resolution.
Vacancy in VP office filled within?|6 months|Election held as soon as possible.
During VP vacancy who acts as RS Chairman?|Deputy Chairman|Performs duties.
Election for VP held by whom?|Election Commission|Conducts election.
Main function of VP?|Chairman of Rajya Sabha|Presides over upper house.
VP presides over which House?|Rajya Sabha|Ex-officio chairman.
VP has casting vote in Rajya Sabha?|Yes|Votes only in case of tie.
VP acts as President during?|Vacancy/absence|Death, resignation, removal, illness.
VP exercises President powers during acting period?|Yes|Performs all presidential functions.
VP is member of Rajya Sabha?|No|Not a member, only presiding officer.
VP can vote normally in RS?|No|No ordinary vote.
VP can vote when votes are equal?|Yes|Casting vote only.
VP salary received as what?|Chairman of RS|Draws salary as chairman, not as VP.
Salary of VP charged on?|Consolidated Fund of India|Not subject to vote.
VP acts as President during?|Death, resignation, removal, illness|Article 65 covers.
During acting as President, VP performs?|All Presidential functions|Full powers.
During acting as President, VP performs RS Chairman duties?|No|Cannot hold both.
RS Chairman duties during that period done by whom?|Deputy Chairman|Acts as chairman.
Article 63 topic?|Vice-President|Creation of office.
Article 64 topic?|Chairman of Rajya Sabha|VP as ex-officio chairman.
Article 65 topic?|VP acts as President|During vacancy.
Article 66 topic?|Election|Qualifications and election.
Article 67 topic?|Term|Five-year tenure.
Article 68 topic?|Vacancy|Time of holding election.
Article 69 topic?|Oath|Form of oath.
Article 71 topic?|Election disputes|SC jurisdiction.
Election disputes of VP decided by whom?|Supreme Court|Exclusive jurisdiction.
Decision of Supreme Court regarding VP election?|Final|Not appealable.
President qualification House eligibility?|Lok Sabha|Must be qualified for LS.
VP qualification House eligibility?|Rajya Sabha|Must be qualified for RS.
President removal method?|Impeachment|Article 61 special majority.
VP removal method?|RS Resolution|Effective majority in RS plus LS agreement.
MLAs vote in President election?|Yes|Part of electoral college.
MLAs vote in VP election?|No|Only MPs vote.
VP member of Rajya Sabha?|No|Only presides, not member.
VP impeachment possible?|No|Removal by resolution, not impeachment.
MLAs participate in VP election?|No|Excluded.
Nominated MPs vote in VP election?|Yes|Included.
VP directly elected?|No|Indirect election by Parliament.
VP ordinary vote in RS?|No|Only casting vote.
Election disputes of VP decided by?|Supreme Court|Under Article 71.
Article related to election disputes?|Article 71|SC decides disputes.
Trick for VP Articles|63 VP, 64 RS Chairman, 65 Acting President, 66 Election, 67 Term|Memory aid for key articles.
Trick for VP Election|Only Parliament|MPs vote, MLAs do NOT vote|Simplifies electoral college.
Trick for Removal|Rajya Starts, Lok Agrees|RS initiates, LS agrees|Removal process mnemonic.
VP Article|63|Creation.
Election|Indirect|By Parliament.
Electoral College|MPs only|Both elected and nominated.
Nominated MPs vote|Yes|Unlike President.
MLAs vote|No|Excluded.
Term|5 years|Article 67.
Removal|RS initiated|Effective majority.
Main Role|Chairman of RS|Presides upper house.
Acting President|Yes|During vacancy.
Removal Majority|Effective Majority|In Rajya Sabha.
[CHAPTER] PRIME MINISTER
Real executive head of India?|Prime Minister|Exercises actual governmental power.
PM mentioned indirectly in which article?|Article 74|Refers to Council of Ministers headed by PM.
Article 74 deals with?|Council of Ministers aiding President|Establishes PM-led Council.
Article directly mentioning PM duties?|Article 78|Lists duties of PM to President.
PM is head of what?|Government|Head of executive government.
President is nominal or real executive?|Nominal|Head of state only.
PM is nominal or real executive?|Real|Head of government.
PM appointed by whom?|President|Under Article 75.
Article related to PM appointment?|Article 75|PM and other ministers appointed by President.
President generally appoints whom as PM?|Majority party leader|Leader commanding Lok Sabha majority.
In hung Parliament whom may President appoint?|Person likely to secure majority|Uses discretion.
PM must prove majority in which House?|Lok Sabha|Collective responsibility to LS.
PM must be member of which House?|Either House|Can be Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha.
PM can be from Rajya Sabha?|Yes|Constitution allows, e.g., Manmohan Singh.
PM must become MP within how many months if not MP?|6 months|Article 75(5) requirement.
Minimum age for Lok Sabha membership?|25 years|Qualification for LS.
Minimum age for Rajya Sabha membership?|30 years|Qualification for RS.
PM holds office during pleasure of whom?|President|Formal tenure.
Actual removal possible by whom?|Lok Sabha majority loss|Vote of no confidence.
Fixed tenure of PM?|No|Depends on majority support.
PM remains in office while enjoying?|Majority support|Continues with confidence.
PM oath administered by whom?|President|Administers oath of office and secrecy.
PM oath includes what?|Office secrecy and allegiance|Swears to uphold Constitution.
Oath form mentioned in which schedule?|Third Schedule|Form for ministers.
PM described as keystone of Cabinet arch by whom?|Morarji Desai|Emphasizes centrality.
PM called "Captain of the Ship"?|Yes|Leads government.
PM is link between President and Cabinet?|Yes|Communicates decisions.
PM head of Council of Ministers?|Yes|Leads Council.
PM leader of Lok Sabha usually?|Yes|Leader of majority.
PM central figure of parliamentary system?|Yes|Real executive authority.
PM recommends ministers to President?|Yes|President appoints on advice.
PM allocates portfolios?|Yes|Distributes ministries.
PM chairs Cabinet meetings?|Yes|Presides over Cabinet.
PM can ask minister to resign?|Yes|Can dismiss or request resignation.
PM advises President to dissolve LS?|Yes|Can recommend dissolution.
PM acts as principal advisor to President?|Yes|Chief advisor under Article 74.
Council of Ministers headed by whom?|PM|Head of Council.
Ministers appointed on advice of whom?|PM|President acts on PM advice.
Council survives because of whom?|PM|PM is linchpin.
If PM resigns entire Council resigns?|Yes|Council collapses with PM.
PM can reshuffle Cabinet?|Yes|Can reallocate portfolios.
PM communicates Cabinet decisions to President under?|Article 78|Duty of PM.
President can ask information from PM?|Yes|Under Article 78.
PM duty to furnish information to President?|Yes|Must provide information.
President acts on PM advice normally?|Yes|Binding advice.
Article 78 deals with?|Duties of PM|Communication with President.
PM communicates decisions to whom?|President|All Cabinet decisions.
PM furnishes legislative proposals to whom?|President|Informs President.
PM submits matters for Cabinet consideration if President asks?|Yes|Under Article 78(c).
PM leader of majority party in?|Lok Sabha|Usually leader of LS.
PM participates in Parliament proceedings?|Yes|Can speak in both houses.
PM can be member of Rajya Sabha?|Yes|Allowed by Constitution.
PM responsible collectively to which House?|Lok Sabha|Article 75(3).
Cabinet meetings chaired by whom?|PM|Presides.
PM decides Cabinet agenda?|Yes|Sets agenda.
Cabinet exists due to leadership of whom?|PM|Central to Cabinet.
PM coordinates ministries?|Yes|Ensures policy coherence.
Chairperson of NITI Aayog?|Prime Minister|Heads policy think tank.
Chairperson of National Development Council earlier?|PM|Now replaced by NITI.
Chairperson of Inter-State Council?|PM|Heads centre-state body.
PM heads which important policy body?|NITI Aayog|Key planning body.
Deputy PM mentioned in Constitution?|No|Not a constitutional office.
Deputy PM constitutional post?|No|Political arrangement only.
Appointment of Deputy PM mandatory?|No|Optional.
Caretaker PM works during?|Transition period|After resignation till new government.
Caretaker government takes major policy decisions?|Normally No|Avoids major decisions.
Caretaker PM remains till?|New government formed|Ensures continuity.
Article 74 topic?|Council of Ministers|Aid and advice.
Article 75 topic?|PM appointment & ministers|Tenure and responsibility.
Article 77 topic?|Conduct of Government business|Rules for business.
Article 78 topic?|Duties of PM|Communication with President.
Nominal executive vs real executive?|President vs PM|President nominal, PM real.
PM appointed by?|President|Under Article 75.
PM removed by practically whom?|Lok Sabha majority loss|No confidence vote.
PM can be from RS?|Yes|Constitution permits.
Deputy PM constitutional post?|No|Not mentioned.
PM directly elected by people?|No|Elected as MP, appointed as PM.
PM must belong only to Lok Sabha?|No|Can be RS member.
Deputy PM constitutional office?|No|Extra-constitutional.
President can normally ignore PM advice?|No|Bound by Article 74.
PM fixed tenure of 5 years?|No|Depends on majority.
PM resignation affects Council?|Yes, entire Council falls|Collective responsibility.
Shamsher Singh case related to?|Real executive power|1974, President bound by ministerial advice.
U.N.R. Rao case related to?|Council of Ministers continuity|1967, Council not dissolved immediately after LS dissolution.
Trick for PM Articles|74 Advice, 75 Appointment, 78 Duties|Memory aid for key articles.
Trick for PM Powers|AARDC|Appoints ministers, Allocates portfolios, Removes ministers, Dissolves Lok Sabha (advice), Chairs Cabinet.
Trick for PM Position|Real Head, Cabinet Head, Government Head|Summarizes centrality.
Real Executive|PM|Exercises power.
Appointment by|President|Under Article 75.
PM can be from RS|Yes|Allowed.
PM without MP limit|6 months|Must become MP.
Head of Government|PM|Leads executive.
Cabinet chaired by|PM|Presides meetings.
Deputy PM|Non-constitutional|Not in Constitution.
Key Article|74|Aid and advice.
Duties Article|78|Communication to President.
Council falls with PM resignation|Yes|Collective responsibility.
[CHAPTER] COUNCIL OF MINISTERS & CABINET
Council of Ministers mentioned in which article?|Article 74|Creates Council to aid and advise President.
Article 74 states what?|There shall be a Council of Ministers to aid and advise President|Establishes parliamentary executive.
Head of Council of Ministers?|Prime Minister|PM leads the Council.
Real executive authority exercised by whom?|Council of Ministers headed by PM|Actual power vests here.
Parliamentary executive system borrowed from?|Britain|Westminster model.
Article 74 deals with?|Aid and advice to President|President acts on ministerial advice.
President acts according to whose advice?|Council of Ministers|Binding advice.
President can once return advice for reconsideration?|Yes|Under 44th Amendment.
After reconsideration President bound by advice?|Yes|Must act as advised.
Which amendment made President bound?|42nd Amendment|1976 made advice binding.
Which amendment allowed reconsideration?|44th Amendment|1978 allowed one-time return.
Article 75 deals with?|Ministers|Appointment, tenure, responsibility.
Ministers appointed by whom?|President|Formally appoints.
Ministers appointed on whose advice?|Prime Minister|President acts on PM advice.
Ministers hold office during pleasure of whom?|President|Formal tenure.
Council collectively responsible to whom?|Lok Sabha|Article 75(3).
Minister must become MP within how many months?|6 months|Article 75(5).
Oath administered by whom?|President|Oath of office and secrecy.
Three categories of ministers?|Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State, Deputy Ministers|Hierarchy in Council.
Highest category of ministers?|Cabinet Ministers|Senior policy makers.
Cabinet Ministers attend Cabinet meetings?|Yes|Core decision makers.
Deputy Ministers head ministries independently?|No|Assist senior ministers.
Minister of State may have independent charge?|Yes|Can head ministry independently.
Cabinet is smaller body within?|Council of Ministers|Inner circle.
Real policy-making body?|Cabinet|Exercises real power.
Kitchen Cabinet means?|Informal inner advisory group|PM's trusted aides.
Cabinet mentioned in Constitution under which article?|Article 352|Only explicit mention for emergency.
Cabinet decisions binding on all ministers?|Yes|Collective responsibility.
Larger body: Cabinet or CoM?|Council of Ministers|CoM includes all ministers.
Smaller inner body?|Cabinet|Senior ministers only.
All ministers part of Cabinet?|No|Only cabinet ministers.
Cabinet includes whom mainly?|Senior ministers|Heads of important ministries.
Cabinet exercises real executive power?|Yes|Actual decision making.
Collective responsibility under which article?|Article 75(3)|Council responsible to LS.
Council collectively responsible to?|Lok Sabha|Not Rajya Sabha.
Meaning of collective responsibility?|Ministers stand or fall together|Government acts as unit.
If Lok Sabha passes no-confidence motion?|Entire Council resigns|Government falls.
Minister disagreeing publicly should?|Resign|Maintain collective unity.
Individual responsibility means?|Minister responsible for own department|Answerable for ministry.
Minister removed by whom?|President on PM advice|Formal removal.
Practical removal power exercised by whom?|Prime Minister|PM decides.
Legal responsibility of ministers exists in India?|No|Unlike Britain, ministers not legally liable for acts.
Legal responsibility exists strongly in which system?|Britain|Ministers liable in courts.
Oath forms mentioned in which schedule?|Third Schedule|Forms of oaths.
Two types of oath taken by ministers?|Oath of office & secrecy|Swear to duties and confidentiality.
Oath administered by whom?|President|Administers both oaths.
91st Amendment related to?|Size of Council of Ministers|Limits number.
Maximum size of CoM at Centre?|15% of Lok Sabha strength|91st Amendment 2003.
Amendment year?|2003|91st Amendment Act.
Objective of 91st Amendment?|Reduce jumbo ministries|Prevent oversized councils.
Cabinet Committees are constitutional bodies?|No|Extra-constitutional.
Purpose of Cabinet Committees?|Efficient governance|Divide workload.
Two types of Cabinet Committees?|Standing & Ad hoc|Permanent and temporary.
Most powerful Cabinet Committee?|Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs|Handles major policy.
Cabinet Secretariat works under whom?|Prime Minister|Directly under PM.
Administrative head of Cabinet Secretariat?|Cabinet Secretary|Top civil servant.
Highest civil servant of India?|Cabinet Secretary|Heads civil services.
Article 74 topic?|Council of Ministers|Aid and advice.
Article 75 topic?|Ministers|Appointment and responsibility.
Article 77 topic?|Conduct of Government business|Rules for business.
Article 78 topic?|Duties of PM|Communication with President.
Article 352 topic?|Cabinet mentioned|Emergency proclamation.
Cabinet vs Council of Ministers?|Inner body vs larger body|Cabinet is subset of CoM.
Collective vs Individual responsibility?|Whole Council vs single minister|Collective to LS, individual to PM.
Cabinet Minister vs MoS?|Senior vs junior|Cabinet attends cabinet, MoS may not.
Cabinet constitutional mention?|Yes, Article 352|Only mention.
Cabinet and CoM same?|No|Cabinet is smaller.
Council responsible to Rajya Sabha?|No|Responsible to Lok Sabha.
Minister can remain non-MP forever?|No|Must become MP within 6 months.
Cabinet mentioned originally in Constitution?|Only in Article 352|Added for emergency.
President removes ministers independently?|No|On PM advice only.
Legal responsibility exists strongly in India?|No|No legal liability for ministerial acts.
42nd Amendment related to?|President bound by advice|Made advice binding.
44th Amendment related to?|Reconsideration of advice|Allowed one return.
91st Amendment related to?|CoM size limit|15% cap.
Shamsher Singh case related to?|President acts on ministerial advice|1974, established binding nature.
U.N.R. Rao case related to?|CoM continuation|1971, Council continues after LS dissolution.
S.R. Bommai case emphasized?|Collective responsibility|1994, floor test for majority.
Trick for Articles|74 Advice, 75 Ministers|Memory aid.
Trick for Types of Responsibility|CIL|Collective, Individual, (No) Legal responsibility.
Trick for Minister Types|CMD|Cabinet Minister, Minister of State, Deputy Minister.
Council of Ministers collectively responsible to|Lok Sabha|Article 75(3).
Cabinet is|Smaller inner body|Real policy maker.
Maximum size of CoM at Centre|15%|Of Lok Sabha strength.
Cabinet specifically mentioned in Constitution under|Article 352|Emergency provision.
Minister must become MP within|6 months|Article 75(5).
Head of CoM|PM|Leads Council.
Collective responsibility|Lok Sabha|Government accountable.
Cabinet|Inner body|Senior ministers.
Cabinet Article|352|Only mention.
CoM Size Limit|15%|91st Amendment.
Amendment|91st|2003.
President bound by advice|Yes|After reconsideration.
Reconsideration allowed|Once|44th Amendment.
Minister MP limit|6 months|Must be elected.
Highest category|Cabinet Minister|Senior most.
[CHAPTER] ATTORNEY GENERAL
Highest law officer of India?|Attorney General of India|Chief legal advisor to Union Government.
Attorney General mentioned in which article?|Article 76|Creates the office.
AG belongs to Union or State?|Union|Central government law officer.
State equivalent of AG?|Advocate General|State law officer under Article 165.
AG appointed by whom?|President|Appoints AG.
AG appointed under which article?|Article 76|Constitutional provision.
AG holds office during pleasure of whom?|President|No fixed tenure.
Constitution fixes AG tenure?|No|Tenure not prescribed.
Constitution fixes AG salary?|No|Determined by President.
Qualification of AG same as whom?|Supreme Court Judge|Must be qualified to be SC judge.
Minimum judicial experience for AG qualification?|5 years as HC judge|One of the criteria.
Minimum advocate practice for qualification?|10 years in HC|Alternative criterion.
Distinguished jurist can become AG?|Yes|Third qualification category.
Main duty of AG?|Advise Government on legal matters|Chief legal advisor.
AG advises whom?|Union Government|Advises President and Government.
AG performs legal duties assigned by whom?|President|As referred.
AG appears for Government in Supreme Court?|Yes|Represents Union.
AG represents Government in legal matters?|Yes|Appears in courts.
AG can participate in Parliament proceedings?|Yes|Right to speak in both houses.
AG can vote in Parliament?|No|No voting right.
AG can participate in parliamentary committees?|Yes|Can be member of committees.
AG enjoys right of audience in all courts?|Yes|Right to appear anywhere in India.
AG member of Parliament?|No|Not a member, only participates.
AG can advise against Government?|No normally|Duty is to advise government.
AG can defend accused against Government?|No|Cannot oppose government.
AG can hold private practice?|Yes with restrictions|Cannot advise against government.
AG full-time government servant?|No|Not a government employee, retains practice.
Fixed tenure for AG?|No|Holds during President's pleasure.
Removal process fixed in Constitution?|No|No procedure prescribed.
AG removed by whom?|President|Can remove anytime.
AG resigns to whom?|President|Submits resignation.
AG related to Union or State?|Union|Central law officer.
Advocate General related to?|State|State law officer.
AG appointed by whom?|President|Union appointment.
Advocate General appointed by whom?|Governor|State appointment.
AG article?|Article 76|Union law officer.
Advocate General article?|Article 165|State law officer.
Highest law officer of India?|Attorney General|Top in hierarchy.
Solicitor General constitutional post?|No|Statutory post, not constitutional.
AG constitutional post?|Yes|Mentioned in Constitution.
AG mentioned in Constitution?|Yes|Article 76.
Solicitor General assists whom?|Attorney General|Second law officer.
Article 76 topic?|Attorney General|Union law officer.
Article 165 topic?|Advocate General|State law officer.
AG vs Advocate General?|Union vs State|Level of government.
AG vs Solicitor General?|Constitutional vs non-constitutional|AG in Constitution, SG not.
AG voting right in Parliament?|No|Can speak, cannot vote.
AG participation right in Parliament?|Yes|Can attend and speak.
AG member of Parliament?|No|Not elected member.
AG can vote in Parliament?|No|No voting right.
AG full-time government servant?|No|Part-time advisor.
Solicitor General constitutional post?|No|Not in Constitution.
Constitution fixes AG salary?|No|Determined by President.
AG appointed by PM?|No|Appointed by President.
Trick for AG|76 = Legal Adviser of Union|Memory aid for article.
Trick for AG Powers|Participate but not Vote|Can speak, can attend, cannot vote.
Trick for AG Qualification|Same as Supreme Court Judge|5 years HC judge or 10 years advocate or jurist.
Article|76|Attorney General.
Highest Law Officer|AG|Chief legal advisor.
Appointed by|President|Under Article 76.
Votes in Parliament|No|No voting right.
Participates in Parliament|Yes|Right to speak.
Fixed tenure|No|Pleasure of President.
Salary fixed by Constitution|No|President determines.
State equivalent|Advocate General|Article 165.
Constitutional post|Yes|Mentioned in Constitution.
Solicitor General|Non-constitutional|Assists AG.
AG Article|76|Creation.
Appointed by|President|Union appointment.
Highest Law Officer|Yes|Top law officer.
Constitutional Post|Yes|Article 76.
Voting Right|No|No vote.
Parliament Participation|Yes|Can speak.
Full-time servant|No|Retains private practice.
State counterpart|Advocate General|State law officer.
SG Constitutional?|No|Statutory.
Qualification|Same as SC Judge|5 years HC judge or 10 years advocate.
[CHAPTER] Parliament
Part V Chapter 2 deals with?|Parliament|Articles 79–122 cover Union legislature.
Parliament mentioned in which article?|Article 79|Creates Parliament of India.
Article 79 states what?|There shall be a Parliament for the Union|Establishes legislature.
Components of Parliament?|President + Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha|Bicameral legislature with President.
President is part of Parliament?|Yes|Integral part under Article 79.
Why President included?|Gives assent to bills|Legislative role.
Parliament is bicameral or unicameral?|Bicameral|Two houses.
Lower House called?|Lok Sabha (House of the People)|Directly elected.
Upper House called?|Rajya Sabha (Council of States)|Represents states.
Rajya Sabha composition article?|Article 80|Structure of upper house.
Maximum strength of Rajya Sabha?|250|238 elected + 12 nominated.
Current strength of Rajya Sabha?|245|233 elected + 12 nominated.
Rajya Sabha members elected by whom?|Elected MLAs|By proportional representation.
Voting system for RS?|Single Transferable Vote|Proportional representation.
Rajya Sabha represents whom?|States and UTs|Federal chamber.
12 nominated members nominated by whom?|President|For art, literature, science, social service.
Nominated members can vote in Presidential election?|No|Only elected MPs vote.
Rajya Sabha is permanent house?|Yes|Never dissolved.
Tenure of RS member?|6 years|One-third retire every 2 years.
Rajya Sabha dissolution possible?|No|Continuous body.
Lok Sabha composition article?|Article 81|Structure of lower house.
Maximum strength of Lok Sabha?|552|530 states + 20 UTs + 2 Anglo-Indian (now abolished).
Current strength of Lok Sabha?|543|All elected.
104th Amendment abolished what?|Anglo-Indian nomination|Removed 2 nominated seats 2020.
Lok Sabha members elected by whom?|Direct election|By adult suffrage.
Voting age for LS election?|18 years|61st Amendment.
Reservation for SC/ST in LS?|Yes|Article 330.
Delimitation article?|Article 82|Readjustment after census.
Delimitation frozen till which year?|2026|By 84th Amendment.
Duration of Houses article?|Article 83|Tenure provisions.
Normal tenure of Lok Sabha?|5 years|Unless dissolved earlier.
Rajya Sabha tenure?|Permanent|Members 6 years.
Lok Sabha can be extended during emergency?|Yes|By one year at a time.
Qualifications for MP article?|Article 84|Eligibility.
Minimum age for Lok Sabha?|25 years|Article 84(b).
Minimum age for Rajya Sabha?|30 years|Article 84(b).
Must be citizen of?|India|Citizenship required.
Disqualifications article?|Article 102|Grounds for disqualification.
Office of profit disqualifies?|Yes|Under Article 102(1)(a).
Anti-defection law under which schedule?|Tenth Schedule|52nd Amendment 1985.
Sessions of Parliament article?|Article 85|Summoning and prorogation.
President summons Parliament?|Yes|On advice of Council.
Maximum gap between sessions?|6 months|Article 85(1).
Three sessions called?|Budget, Monsoon, Winter|Conventional.
President can prorogue houses?|Yes|Ends session.
President can dissolve Lok Sabha?|Yes|On PM advice.
Adjournment done by whom?|Presiding officer|Speaker or Chairman.
Prorogation done by whom?|President|Ends session.
Dissolution applies to which house?|Lok Sabha only|RS permanent.
President address article?|Article 86|Right to address.
Special address at first session article?|Article 87|After general election and each year.
Article 87 address prepared by whom?|Government|Policy statement.
Ministers right to speak article?|Article 88|Can participate in both houses.
Minister can vote in house where not member?|No|Can speak only.
Chairman of Rajya Sabha who?|Vice-President|Ex-officio chairman Article 89.
Deputy Chairman of RS elected by?|Rajya Sabha members|From among themselves.
Speaker of Lok Sabha article?|Article 93|Presiding officer.
Speaker elected by whom?|Lok Sabha members|From among themselves.
Deputy Speaker elected by whom?|Lok Sabha|Usually opposition convention.
Speaker continues after dissolution?|Yes|Until new Speaker elected.
Casting vote by Speaker?|Yes|In case of tie, Article 100.
Voting in Parliament article?|Article 100|Majority of members present and voting.
Quorum for House?|1/10th of total membership|Article 100(3).
Vacation of seats article?|Article 101|Dual membership etc.
Member absent for 60 days without permission?|Seat vacated|Article 101(4).
Salaries of MPs determined by?|Parliament by law|Article 106.
Parliamentary privileges article?|Article 105|Freedom of speech, immunity.
Freedom of speech in Parliament?|Yes|Article 105(1).
No court proceedings for speech in Parliament?|Yes|Immunity.
Joint sitting article?|Article 108|Deadlock resolution.
Joint sitting summoned by whom?|President|When bill stuck.
Joint sitting presided by whom?|Lok Sabha Speaker|Article 118(4).
Joint sitting for Money Bill?|No|Not allowed.
Joint sitting for Constitutional Amendment?|No|Not allowed.
Money Bill definition article?|Article 110|Tax, borrowing, Consolidated Fund.
Money Bill introduced where?|Lok Sabha only|Article 109.
Rajya Sabha power over Money Bill?|Can recommend only|14 days limit.
Speaker decides Money Bill?|Yes|Decision final.
Financial Bill Category I vs II?|I needs President recommendation|II similar to ordinary.
Annual Financial Statement article?|Article 112|Union Budget.
Budget presented by whom?|Finance Minister|On behalf of President.
Consolidated Fund of India article?|Article 266|All revenues.
Contingency Fund article?|Article 267|Emergency fund.
Appropriation Bill article?|Article 114|Withdrawal from Consolidated Fund.
Vote on Account?|Advance grant|Article 116.
Legislative procedure article?|Article 107|Ordinary bills.
Bill lapses on dissolution?|LS bills lapse|RS bills pending in RS do not lapse.
President assent article?|Article 111|Gives or withholds assent.
President can return bill once?|Yes|Suspensive veto for ordinary bill.
Ordinance power for Parliament?|Article 123|President ordinance.
Language in Parliament article?|Article 120|Hindi or English.
Secretariat of Parliament article?|Article 98|Separate staff.
Leader of Opposition recognized when?|10% seats|Statutory recognition.
Parliament controls executive through?|Questions, motions, no-confidence|Parliamentary accountability.
No-confidence motion applies to?|Lok Sabha only|Against Council of Ministers.
Censure motion vs No-confidence?|Censure specific, No-confidence entire Council|Both in LS.
Parliament can create new states?|Yes|Article 3.
Rajya Sabha special powers article?|Article 249|Create All-India Services, state list legislation.
Article 249 requires what majority?|Two-thirds present and voting|RS resolution.
Article 312 deals with?|All-India Services|Creation by Parliament.
Parliamentary committees are?|Mini Parliament|Scrutiny bodies.
Public Accounts Committee chairman from?|Opposition|By convention.
Estimates Committee members from?|Lok Sabha only|30 members.
Parliament is supreme law-making body?|Yes|Subject to Constitution.
Judicial review of Parliament laws?|Yes|Supreme Court can strike down.
Basic structure limits Parliament?|Yes|Kesavananda Bharati 1973.
Trick for Parliament Articles|79 Parliament, 80 RS, 81 LS, 83 Duration, 85 Sessions, 108 Joint, 110 Money, 112 Budget|Key articles memory.
Trick for RS vs LS|RS permanent 6 years indirect, LS 5 years direct|Core difference.
Trick for Money Bill|LS only, RS 14 days, Speaker decides, No joint|Quick recall.
[CHAPTER] Supreme Court
Supreme Court established under which Part?|Part V Chapter IV|Union Judiciary Articles 124-147.
Supreme Court article?|Article 124|Establishment and constitution.
Supreme Court established on?|28 January 1950|Two days after Constitution commenced.
Supreme Court is what?|Apex court of India|Highest judicial authority.
Supreme Court is court of record?|Yes|Article 129.
Court of record means?|Judgments recorded, power to punish contempt|Article 129.
Original strength of SC?|8|1 CJI + 7 judges.
Current sanctioned strength?|34|1 CJI + 33 judges, 2019 amendment.
Who can increase judges?|Parliament by law|Article 124(1).
Appointment of SC judges by whom?|President|Article 124(2).
Appointment made after consultation with?|CJI and other judges|Collegium system.
Collegium system evolved from?|Three Judges Cases|1981, 1993, 1998.
NJAC struck down in which case?|Supreme Court Advocates on Record 2015|Declared unconstitutional.
Qualifications for SC judge article?|Article 124(3)|Eligibility.
Qualification 1?|Citizen of India|Must be Indian.
Qualification 2?|5 years as High Court judge|Judicial experience.
Qualification 3?|10 years as High Court advocate|Advocate practice.
Qualification 4?|Distinguished jurist|President opinion.
Minimum age for SC judge?|No minimum prescribed|Only qualifications.
Tenure of SC judge?|Till 65 years|Article 124(2).
Oath of SC judge article?|Article 124(6)|Oath before President.
Oath includes what?|Uphold Constitution|Faith and allegiance.
Salary of SC judges article?|Article 125|Determined by Parliament.
Salary charged on?|Consolidated Fund of India|Not votable.
Salary cannot be reduced except?|Financial emergency|Article 360.
Acting Chief Justice article?|Article 126|President appoints.
Ad hoc judges article?|Article 127|CJI with President consent.
Retired judges sitting article?|Article 128|CJI can request.
Removal of SC judge article?|Article 124(4)|Impeachment process.
Grounds for removal?|Proved misbehaviour or incapacity|Only two grounds.
Removal process called?|Impeachment|Though not named.
Motion needs support of?|100 LS or 50 RS members|Initiation.
Inquiry committee consists of?|CJI or SC judge, HC CJ, distinguished jurist|Judges Inquiry Act 1968.
Removal requires majority?|Special majority in both houses|Majority of total + 2/3 present voting.
President orders removal after?|Parliament address|Formal removal.
Judge resigns to whom?|President|Submits resignation.
Seat of Supreme Court article?|Article 130|Delhi.
SC can sit elsewhere?|Yes|With President approval.
Independence ensured by?|Security of tenure, fixed salary, no practice after retirement|Constitutional safeguards.
SC judge cannot plead after retirement except?|Cannot practice in any court|Article 124(7).
Original jurisdiction article?|Article 131|Centre-state disputes.
Article 131 covers disputes between?|Centre vs State, State vs State|Federal disputes.
Writ jurisdiction article?|Article 32|For Fundamental Rights.
SC writ powers under?|Article 32|Guaranteed remedy.
HC writ powers under?|Article 226|Wider than SC.
Appellate jurisdiction civil article?|Article 133|Civil appeals.
Appellate jurisdiction criminal article?|Article 134|Criminal appeals.
Special Leave Petition article?|Article 136|Discretionary appeal.
SLP can be filed against?|Any court or tribunal|Except military.
SLP is discretionary?|Yes|Court may grant.
Advisory jurisdiction article?|Article 143|President seeks opinion.
Advisory opinion binding?|No|Not binding.
Review jurisdiction article?|Article 137|Review own judgments.
Curative petition evolved from?|Rupa Ashok Hurra 2002|Correct gross miscarriage.
Power to do complete justice article?|Article 142|Enforce decrees.
Law declared by SC binding article?|Article 141|Binding on all courts.
All authorities to act in aid of SC article?|Article 144|Civil and judicial authorities.
Enlargement of jurisdiction article?|Article 138|Parliament can enlarge.
Ancillary powers article?|Article 140|Parliament can confer.
Rules of court article?|Article 145|SC makes rules.
Appointment of officers article?|Article 146|CJI appoints staff.
Interpretation of Constitution article?|Article 147|Reference to Government of India Act.
Supreme Court guardian of?|Constitution and Fundamental Rights|Protector role.
Judicial review power derived from?|Articles 13, 32, 136, 142, 226|Basic feature.
Basic structure doctrine case?|Kesavananda Bharati 1973|Parliament cannot amend basic structure.
Public Interest Litigation started by?|Justice P.N. Bhagwati|1980s.
PIL relaxes what rule?|Locus standi|Any public-spirited person.
Supreme Court highest interpreter of?|Constitution|Final authority.
Contempt of Court Act?|1971|Defines civil and criminal contempt.
Types of contempt?|Civil and criminal|Disobedience vs scandalizing.
Independence from executive ensured by?|Appointment by collegium, not executive|Judicial primacy.
Transfer of HC judges consultation with?|CJI|Article 222.
Supreme Court can punish for contempt of itself and HCs?|Yes|Under Article 129.
Judicial activism vs judicial restraint?|Active interpretation vs self-limitation|Policy debate.
Trick for SC Articles|124 Establishment, 129 Court of Record, 131 Original, 132-134 Appeals, 136 SLP, 137 Review, 142 Complete Justice, 143 Advisory|Key articles.
Trick for Jurisdictions|OAWAS|Original, Appellate, Writ, Advisory, Special|Types.
Trick for Removal|Proved misbehaviour or incapacity, special majority|Grounds and majority.
[CHAPTER] Comptroller and Auditor General(CAG)
CAG stands for?|Comptroller and Auditor General of India|Guardian of public purse.
CAG mentioned in which articles?|Articles 148–151|Part V Chapter V.
CAG is what type of body?|Constitutional authority|Independent audit institution.
CAG article for appointment?|Article 148|Establishment.
CAG appointed by whom?|President|By warrant under hand and seal.
CAG holds office for?|6 years or till 65 years|Whichever earlier.
CAG can be reappointed?|No|Single term.
CAG removal process same as?|Supreme Court judge|Article 148(1).
Grounds for removal?|Proved misbehaviour or incapacity|Same as SC judge.
Removal requires?|Special majority in both houses|Parliament address to President.
CAG resigns to whom?|President|Submits resignation.
Oath of CAG administered by?|President|Or person appointed.
Oath form in?|Third Schedule|Same as other constitutional functionaries.
Salary of CAG article?|Article 148(3)|Determined by Parliament.
Salary charged on?|Consolidated Fund of India|Not votable.
Salary equal to?|Supreme Court judge|Currently ₹2.5 lakh per month.
Salary cannot be reduced except?|Financial emergency|During tenure protection.
CAG not eligible for?|Further office under Centre or State|Article 148(4).
Why ineligibility?|Ensures independence|No post-retirement favours.
Conditions of service determined by?|Parliament by law|CAG Act 1971.
Duties and powers article?|Article 149|Parliament defines.
CAG Act passed in?|1971|Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service Act.
CAG audits accounts of?|Union and States|Consolidated Fund.
CAG audits what?|Expenditure from Consolidated Fund, Contingency Fund, Public Account|All government money.
CAG is comptroller of?|Union government|Controls issue of money.
CAG audits bodies substantially financed by government?|Yes|Grants and loans.
CAG audits government companies?|Yes|Under Companies Act.
CAG audits statutory corporations?|Yes|As per laws.
CAG role in states?|Audits state accounts|Submits to Governor.
Reports of CAG article?|Article 151|Submission of audit reports.
Union audit reports submitted to?|President|Who lays before Parliament.
State audit reports submitted to?|Governor|Who lays before Legislature.
Three types of audit reports?|Audit on appropriation, finance, public undertakings|Presented separately.
CAG assists which parliamentary committee?|Public Accounts Committee|PAC examines CAG reports.
PAC chairman from?|Opposition by convention|Examines CAG findings.
CAG also assists?|Estimates Committee and COPU|Committee on Public Undertakings.
CAG is guardian of?|Public purse|Ensures accountability.
CAG ensures?|Legality, propriety, economy, efficiency|Types of audit.
CAG performs which audits?|Financial, compliance, performance|Three main types.
CAG does not control issue from states?|Only Union|Comptroller function limited to Centre.
CAG independence ensured by?|Security of tenure, fixed salary, removal like SC judge|Constitutional safeguards.
CAG is head of?|Indian Audit and Accounts Department|IA&AD.
CAG appointed for how long practically?|6 years|Fixed term.
First CAG of India?|V. Narahari Rao|1948–1954.
Current CAG 2026?|Girish Chandra Murmu served 2020–2024, successor K. Sanjay Murthy from Nov 2024|Check latest, as of 2026.
CAG cannot be removed by?|Executive alone|Needs Parliament.
CAG audits PM CARES Fund?|No|Not government fund, private trust.
CAG audits RBI?|Limited|Only government transactions.
CAG role described by Dr Ambedkar as?|Most important officer under Constitution|Watchdog.
CAG is not part of?|Executive, Legislature, Judiciary|Independent fourth pillar.
CAG reports are?|Not binding but persuasive|Government must respond.
Action Taken Notes submitted by?|Ministries|On PAC recommendations.
CAG compared to UK equivalent?|Comptroller and Auditor General UK|Model borrowed from Britain.
CAG ensures executive accountability to?|Parliament|Through audit.
Trick for CAG Articles|148 Appointment, 149 Duties, 150 Form of Accounts, 151 Reports|Key sequence.
Trick for Independence|TRIP|Tenure security, Removal like SC, Independence from executive, Pension charged on CFI|Memory aid.
Trick for Functions|ACE|Audit, Comptroller, Examines accounts|Core roles.
[CHAPTER] Part VI of Constitution
Part VI of Constitution deals with?|States|Covers state government structure.
Articles in Part VI?|Articles 152–237|Longest part, 86 articles.
Part VI related to which level of government?|State Government|Deals with states.
Largest part of Constitution?|Part VI|Because covers complete state administration.
Why Part VI largest?|Deals with complete state administration|Executive, legislature, judiciary details.
State Executive articles?|Articles 153–167|Governor to Council of Ministers.
State Legislature articles?|Articles 168–212|Composition and powers.
High Courts articles?|Articles 214–231|State judiciary.
Subordinate Courts articles?|Articles 233–237|District and lower courts.
Largest chapter in Part VI?|State Legislature|Articles 168–212.
Most asked SSC areas in Part VI?|Governor, Legislature, High Court|Frequent exam focus.
Components of State Executive?|Governor, CM, Council of Ministers, Advocate General|State executive organs.
Components of State Legislature?|Governor + Legislative Assembly + Legislative Council|Article 168 definition.
Highest judicial body in state?|High Court|Apex state court.
Subordinate judiciary controlled by whom?|High Court|Supervision and control.
Nominal executive head of state?|Governor|Constitutional head.
Real executive authority in state exercised by?|Chief Minister & Council of Ministers|Actual power.
Governor acts on whose advice?|Council of Ministers|Article 163.
Article related to CoM aiding Governor?|Article 163|Aid and advice.
Parliamentary system followed in states?|Yes|Same as Centre.
Governor mentioned in which article?|Article 153|Creation of office.
Governor appointed by whom?|President|Central appointment.
Governor acts as constitutional head of?|State|Head of state.
One person can be Governor of multiple states?|Yes|Article 153 proviso.
Governor term?|5 years|Normal tenure.
Governor holds office during pleasure of whom?|President|Can be removed anytime.
Real executive head of state?|Chief Minister|Head of government.
CM appointed by whom?|Governor|Appoints majority leader.
CM head of what?|State Government|Leads executive.
CM heads which body?|Council of Ministers|Chairs cabinet.
CM generally belongs to which House?|Legislative Assembly|Usually from lower house.
State CoM mentioned under which article?|Article 163|Aid and advice to Governor.
State CoM collectively responsible to?|Legislative Assembly|Article 164(2).
State Cabinet headed by whom?|Chief Minister|Leads cabinet.
Governor normally acts on whose advice?|CoM|Binding advice.
Highest law officer of state?|Advocate General|State legal advisor.
Advocate General article?|Article 165|Creates office.
AG appointed by whom?|Governor|State appointment.
State equivalent of Attorney General?|Advocate General|Same role at state level.
AG can participate in Legislature proceedings?|Yes|Right to speak.
AG voting right in Legislature?|No|No vote.
State Legislature article?|Article 168|Creates legislature.
Components of State Legislature?|Governor + Legislative Assembly + Legislative Council|Three parts where bicameral.
Lower House called?|Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)|Directly elected.
Upper House called?|Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad)|Indirectly elected.
All states have Legislative Council?|No|Only 6 states currently.
States with one House called?|Unicameral|Only assembly.
States with two Houses called?|Bicameral|Assembly plus council.
Legislative Assembly directly elected?|Yes|By adult suffrage.
Normal tenure of Legislative Assembly?|5 years|Unless dissolved.
Speaker belongs to which House?|Legislative Assembly|Presiding officer.
Money Bill introduced in which House?|Legislative Assembly|Only lower house.
Legislative Council permanent House?|Yes|Not dissolved.
Legislative Council dissolved?|No|Continuous body.
Maximum size of LC?|1/3 of Assembly strength|Article 171(1).
Minimum size of LC?|40|Article 171(1).
Creation/abolition of LC by whom?|Parliament|On state assembly resolution.
High Court article?|Article 214|Establishes HC for states.
Highest court in state?|High Court|Apex state judiciary.
HC judges appointed by whom?|President|After consultation.
HC has writ powers under?|Article 226|Wider than Supreme Court.
HC supervises subordinate courts?|Yes|Administrative control.
Subordinate Courts articles?|233–237|District judges etc.
District judges appointed by whom?|Governor|Article 233.
Appointment done in consultation with whom?|High Court|Mandatory consultation.
Control over subordinate judiciary by whom?|High Court|Article 235.
Article 153 topic?|Governor|Creation.
Article 163 topic?|CoM|Aid and advice.
Article 164 topic?|CM|Appointment and responsibility.
Article 165 topic?|Advocate General|State law officer.
Article 168 topic?|State Legislature|Composition.
Article 170 topic?|Legislative Assembly|Composition.
Article 171 topic?|Legislative Council|Composition.
Article 214 topic?|High Court|Establishment.
Article 226 topic?|Writs|HC writ jurisdiction.
Article 233 topic?|District Judges|Appointment.
Nominal executive at Centre vs State?|President vs Governor|Both constitutional heads.
Real executive at Centre vs State?|PM vs CM|Both heads of government.
Parliament vs State Legislature?|Union vs State lawmaking|Levels of legislature.
Attorney General vs Advocate General?|Union vs State|Central vs state law officer.
Supreme Court vs High Court?|National vs State judiciary|Hierarchy.
All states have Legislative Council?|No|Only some states.
Governor directly elected?|No|Appointed by President.
Governor real executive?|No|Nominal head.
High Court judges appointed by Governor?|No|Appointed by President.
Legislative Council dissolved?|No|Permanent house.
Advocate General can vote?|No|Can speak, no vote.
State government follows parliamentary system?|Yes|CM responsible to assembly.
States have separate judiciary from Union?|No|Integrated judiciary.
India has integrated judiciary?|Yes|Single hierarchy.
Governor constitutional head?|Yes|Nominal executive.
CM real executive head?|Yes|Actual power.
Parliamentary system borrowed from?|Britain|Westminster model.
Writ system inspired from?|Britain|English law.
Judicial review inspired from?|USA|US Constitution.
Trick for Part VI Structure|Executive Legislature Court Judiciary|Executive, Legislature, High Court, Subordinate Judiciary.
Trick for Important Articles|153 Governor, 163 Ministers, 168 Legislature, 214 HC, 226 Writs|Key article memory.
Trick for State Legislature|Governor + VS + VC|Governor, Vidhan Sabha, Vidhan Parishad.
Part VI|States|Covers state government.
Articles|152–237|State administration.
Real Executive|CM|Head of government.
Nominal Executive|Governor|Constitutional head.
Highest State Court|High Court|Apex state court.
Writ Article|226|HC writ powers.
Legislature Article|168|Composition.
Advocate General|Article 165|State law officer.
Legislative Council|Permanent House|Not dissolved.
Integrated Judiciary|Yes|Single system.
[CHAPTER] Governor
Governor mentioned in which article?|Article 153|Creates office of Governor for each state.
Article 153 states what?|There shall be a Governor for each state|Establishes constitutional head.
One person can be Governor of multiple states?|Yes|Article 153 proviso allows.
Governor is nominal or real executive?|Nominal executive|Constitutional head only.
Real executive authority exercised by whom?|Chief Minister & Council of Ministers|Actual power.
Governor acts as constitutional head of?|State|Head of state executive.
Governor appointed by whom?|President|Central appointment.
Governor elected directly?|No|Appointed, not elected.
Governor appointed under which article?|Article 155|Appointment provision.
Warrant of appointment issued by whom?|President|Formal appointment.
Governor acts as agent of Centre sometimes?|Yes|Reports to President.
Qualifications mentioned under which article?|Article 157|Eligibility criteria.
Minimum age for Governor?|35 years|Must be 35.
Must be citizen of?|India|Citizen of India.
Member of Parliament/Legislature allowed simultaneously?|No|Cannot hold other office.
Office of profit allowed?|No|Cannot hold profit office.
Conditions of office under which article?|Article 158|Service conditions.
Governor entitled to official residence?|Yes|Raj Bhavan provided.
Salary charged on which fund?|Consolidated Fund of State|Not votable.
Salary reduced during tenure?|No|Cannot be reduced.
Oath article?|Article 159|Form of oath.
Oath administered by whom?|Chief Justice of High Court|Administers oath.
In absence of HC CJ oath by whom?|Senior-most HC judge|Next senior.
Governor oath includes what?|Preserve, protect and defend Constitution|Swears allegiance.
Normal term of Governor?|5 years|Article 156.
Article related to term?|Article 156|Tenure provisions.
Governor holds office during pleasure of whom?|President|Can be removed anytime.
Governor resigns to whom?|President|Submits resignation.
Fixed tenure guaranteed?|No practically|Pleasure doctrine overrides.
Executive powers article?|Article 154|Vests executive power.
CM appointed by whom?|Governor|Appoints majority leader.
State ministers appointed by whom?|Governor|On CM advice.
Advocate General appointed by whom?|Governor|State law officer.
State Election Commissioner appointed by whom?|Governor|Conducts local elections.
State PSC chairman appointed by whom?|Governor|Public service commission.
Governor summons State Legislature?|Yes|Summons houses.
Governor prorogues Legislature?|Yes|Ends session.
Governor dissolves Legislative Assembly?|Yes|On CM advice.
Address to Legislature by whom?|Governor|Special address.
Bills become law after whose assent?|Governor|Gives assent.
Money Bill introduced only with whose recommendation?|Governor|Prior recommendation needed.
Ordinance power article?|Article 213|State ordinance power.
Governor issues ordinance when?|Legislature not in session|Either house not sitting.
Ordinance has force equal to?|State law|Temporary legislation.
Ordinance valid for?|6 weeks after reassembly|Must be approved.
Governor exercises ordinance power on whose advice?|Council of Ministers|Not discretionary.
State budget laid before Legislature in whose name?|Governor|Causes budget presentation.
Money Bill recommendation by whom?|Governor|Required for financial bills.
Contingency Fund of State held by whom?|Governor|For emergencies.
State Finance Commission related to Panchayats under?|Governor appointment|Appoints SFC.
Governor can grant pardon under which article?|Article 161|Pardoning power.
Governor appoints district judges?|Yes|In consultation with HC.
Appointment done in consultation with whom?|High Court|Mandatory.
Governor can completely pardon death sentence?|No|Cannot pardon death fully.
Pardoning article of Governor?|Article 161|Clemency power.
Governor can pardon state law offences?|Yes|Offences against state laws.
Governor can pardon court martial punishment?|No|Only President can.
Governor can completely pardon death sentence?|No|Can only suspend, remit, commute.
Governor exercises pardon on whose advice?|Council of Ministers|Binding advice.
Governor has discretionary powers?|Yes|In certain situations.
CM appointment in hung Assembly under?|Discretion|Chooses likely majority.
Reservation of bill for President under?|Discretion|Article 200.
Recommendation of President’s Rule under?|Discretion|Article 356 report.
Governor acts without ministerial advice in some situations?|Yes|Discretionary areas.
Governor acts as link between?|Centre and State|Reports to President.
Governor sends reports to whom?|President|On state affairs.
Article related to President’s Rule?|Article 356|Based on Governor report.
President appointed/elected?|Elected|By electoral college.
Governor appointed/elected?|Appointed|By President.
President removed by?|Impeachment|Article 61.
Governor removed by?|President|Pleasure doctrine.
President pardon death sentence fully?|Yes|Article 72.
Governor pardon death sentence fully?|No|Limited under Article 161.
Article 153 topic?|Governor|Creation.
Article 154 topic?|Executive power|Vesting.
Article 155 topic?|Appointment|By President.
Article 156 topic?|Term|Five years.
Article 157 topic?|Qualifications|Eligibility.
Article 158 topic?|Conditions|Service terms.
Article 159 topic?|Oath|Form.
Article 161 topic?|Pardoning|Clemency.
Article 163 topic?|CoM advice|Aid and advice.
Article 213 topic?|Ordinance|Legislative power.
Governor vs President election?|Appointed vs elected|Governor appointed, President elected.
Governor pardon vs President pardon?|Limited vs wider|Governor cannot pardon death fully.
Governor ordinance vs President ordinance?|State vs Union|Article 213 vs 123.
Nominal executive at State?|Governor|Constitutional head.
Governor directly elected?|No|Appointed.
Governor fixed tenure guaranteed?|No|Pleasure of President.
Governor can fully pardon death sentence?|No|Limited power.
Governor real executive?|No|Nominal head.
Governor impeachment possible?|No|Removed by President.
Governor can issue ordinance anytime?|No|Only when legislature not in session.
Shamsher Singh case related to?|Governor acts on aid and advice|1974, binding advice.
Nabam Rebia case related to?|Governor discretionary powers|2016, limits on discretion.
B.P. Singhal case related to?|Removal of Governors|2010, pleasure not arbitrary.
Trick for Governor Articles|153 Governor, 155 Appointment, 156 Term, 161 Pardon, 213 Ordinance|Key articles memory.
Trick for Governor Powers|ELFJOD|Executive, Legislative, Financial, Judicial, Ordinance, Discretionary.
Trick for Governor Discretion|HPR|Hung Assembly, President's Rule recommendation, Reserve Bill.
Governor Article|153|Creation.
Appointment by|President|Article 155.
Real Executive|CM|Head of government.
Nominal Executive|Governor|Constitutional head.
Term|5 years|Article 156.
Removal by|President|Pleasure doctrine.
Pardon Article|161|Clemency.
Ordinance Article|213|State ordinance.
Discretionary Powers|Yes|In specific cases.
Minimum Age|35 years|Article 157.
[CHAPTER] CHIEF MINISTER
Real executive head of state?|Chief Minister|Exercises actual state power.
CM mentioned mainly under which article?|Article 164|Appointment and tenure.
CM head of what?|State Government|Leads executive.
Governor is nominal or real executive?|Nominal|Constitutional head.
CM is nominal or real executive?|Real|Head of government.
Parliamentary government at state level headed by whom?|Chief Minister|Leads state cabinet.
CM appointed by whom?|Governor|Appoints majority leader.
Article related to CM appointment?|Article 164|Ministers hold office during pleasure.
Governor generally appoints whom as CM?|Majority party leader|Leader commanding assembly majority.
In hung Assembly whom may Governor appoint?|Person likely to prove majority|Uses discretion.
CM must prove majority in which House?|Legislative Assembly|Collective responsibility.
CM must be member of which House?|Either House of State Legislature|Assembly or Council.
CM can be from Legislative Council?|Yes|Constitution allows.
Non-member can become CM for maximum?|6 months|Must get elected within 6 months.
Minimum age for Legislative Assembly membership?|25 years|Qualification.
Minimum age for Legislative Council membership?|30 years|Qualification.
CM holds office during pleasure of whom?|Governor|Formal tenure.
Real removal possible by whom?|Legislative Assembly majority loss|No confidence.
Fixed tenure of CM?|No|Depends on majority.
CM remains in office while enjoying?|Majority support|Continues with confidence.
CM oath administered by whom?|Governor|Administers oath.
CM oath includes what?|Office secrecy and allegiance|Swears to Constitution.
Oath form mentioned in which schedule?|Third Schedule|Form for ministers.
CM described as real ruler of state?|Yes|Exercises power.
CM is head of whom?|Council of Ministers|Leads CoM.
CM central figure of state parliamentary system?|Yes|Real executive.
CM acts as link between Governor and Cabinet?|Yes|Communicates decisions.
CM leader of majority party in Assembly?|Usually Yes|By convention.
CM recommends ministers to Governor?|Yes|Governor appoints on advice.
CM allocates portfolios?|Yes|Distributes departments.
CM chairs Cabinet meetings?|Yes|Presides.
CM can ask minister to resign?|Yes|Can dismiss.
CM advises Governor to dissolve Assembly?|Yes|Can recommend dissolution.
CM principal advisor to Governor?|Yes|Chief advisor.
State CoM headed by whom?|CM|Leads council.
Ministers appointed on advice of whom?|CM|Governor acts on CM advice.
CoM survives because of whom?|CM|CM is linchpin.
If CM resigns entire CoM resigns?|Yes|Council falls.
CM can reshuffle Cabinet?|Yes|Reallocate portfolios.
CM communicates Cabinet decisions to whom?|Governor|Duty under Article 167.
Governor can ask information from CM?|Yes|Right to information.
CM duty to furnish information to Governor?|Yes|Must provide.
Governor normally acts on CM advice?|Yes|Binding advice.
Article 167 deals with?|Duties of Chief Minister|Communication with Governor.
CM communicates decisions to whom?|Governor|All cabinet decisions.
CM furnishes legislative proposals to whom?|Governor|Informs Governor.
CM submits matters for Council consideration if Governor asks?|Yes|Article 167(c).
CM leader of majority party in?|Legislative Assembly|Usually.
CM participates in Legislature proceedings?|Yes|Can speak.
CM can be member of Legislative Council?|Yes|Allowed.
CoM collectively responsible to which House?|Legislative Assembly|Article 164(2).
Cabinet meetings chaired by whom?|CM|Presides.
CM decides Cabinet agenda?|Yes|Sets agenda.
Cabinet exists due to leadership of whom?|CM|Central figure.
CM coordinates departments?|Yes|Ensures coherence.
Deputy CM mentioned in Constitution?|No|Not a constitutional post.
Deputy CM constitutional post?|No|Political arrangement.
Appointment of Deputy CM mandatory?|No|Optional.
Caretaker CM works during?|Transition period|After resignation.
Caretaker government takes major policy decisions?|Normally No|Avoids major decisions.
Caretaker CM remains till?|New government formed|Ensures continuity.
Article 163 topic?|Council of Ministers|Aid and advice to Governor.
Article 164 topic?|CM & Ministers|Appointment and responsibility.
Article 166 topic?|Conduct of State Government business|Rules.
Article 167 topic?|Duties of CM|Communication.
PM related to Centre or State?|Centre|Union head.
CM related to Centre or State?|State|State head.
PM appointed by whom?|President|Union appointment.
CM appointed by whom?|Governor|State appointment.
PM responsible to?|Lok Sabha|Union lower house.
CM responsible to?|Legislative Assembly|State lower house.
Nominal executive vs real executive in state?|Governor vs CM|Governor nominal, CM real.
CM can be from LC?|Yes|Allowed.
Deputy CM constitutional post?|No|Not mentioned.
CM removal practically by whom?|Assembly majority loss|Vote of no confidence.
CM directly elected by people?|No|Elected as MLA/MLC, appointed.
CM must belong only to Assembly?|No|Can be from Council.
Deputy CM constitutional office?|No|Extra-constitutional.
Governor normally ignores CM advice?|No|Acts on advice.
CM fixed tenure of 5 years?|No|Depends on majority.
CM resignation affects CoM?|Yes|Entire council falls.
Shamsher Singh case related to?|Real executive power|1974, Governor acts on advice.
S.R. Bommai case related to?|Majority support|1994, floor test.
Nabam Rebia case related to?|Governor-CM relations|2016, limits Governor discretion.
Trick for CM Articles|163 Advice, 164 Appointment, 167 Duties|Memory aid.
Trick for CM Powers|AARDC|Appoints ministers, Allocates portfolios, Removes ministers, Dissolves Assembly, Chairs Cabinet.
Trick for CM Position|Real Head, Cabinet Head, Government Head|Summarizes role.
Real Executive|CM|Head of state government.
Appointment by|Governor|Article 164.
CM can be from LC|Yes|Allowed.
Non-member limit|6 months|Must become legislator.
Head of Government|CM|Leads executive.
Cabinet chaired by|CM|Presides.
Deputy CM|Non-constitutional|Not in Constitution.
Key Article|164|Appointment.
Duties Article|167|Communication to Governor.
CoM falls with CM resignation|Yes|Collective responsibility.
[CHAPTER] STATE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS & CABINET
State Council of Ministers mentioned in which article?|Article 163|Creates CoM to aid and advise Governor.
Article 163 states what?|There shall be a CoM to aid and advise Governor|Establishes state executive.
Head of State CoM?|Chief Minister|Leads the council.
Real executive authority exercised by whom?|CoM headed by CM|Actual state power.
Parliamentary executive system followed in states?|Yes|Same as Centre.
Article 163 deals with?|Aid and advice to Governor|Governor acts on ministerial advice.
Governor normally acts according to whose advice?|Council of Ministers|Binding advice.
Governor can act in discretion in some matters?|Yes|Constitution allows discretion.
Discretionary powers mentioned under?|Article 163|Provides for discretion.
Governor's discretionary decision final in some cases?|Yes|Not questioned in court.
Article 164 deals with?|Ministers|Appointment and responsibility.
Ministers appointed by whom?|Governor|Formal appointment.
Ministers appointed on whose advice?|Chief Minister|Governor acts on CM advice.
Ministers hold office during pleasure of whom?|Governor|Formal tenure.
CoM collectively responsible to whom?|Legislative Assembly|Article 164(2).
Minister must become Legislature member within?|6 months|Article 164(4).
Oath administered by whom?|Governor|Oath of office and secrecy.
Categories of ministers in state?|Cabinet Ministers, MoS, Deputy Ministers|Three-tier structure.
Highest category of ministers?|Cabinet Ministers|Senior policy makers.
Cabinet Ministers attend Cabinet meetings?|Yes|Core members.
Deputy Ministers independently head departments?|No|Assist seniors.
MoS may hold independent charge?|Yes|Can head ministry.
Cabinet is smaller body within?|Council of Ministers|Inner circle.
Real policy-making body in state?|Cabinet|Exercises power.
Cabinet headed by whom?|Chief Minister|Leads cabinet.
Cabinet decisions binding on ministers?|Yes|Collective responsibility.
State Cabinet core decision-making body?|Yes|Actual executive.
Larger body: Cabinet or CoM?|Council of Ministers|CoM includes all.
Smaller inner body?|Cabinet|Senior ministers.
All ministers part of Cabinet?|No|Only cabinet ministers.
Cabinet includes mainly whom?|Senior ministers|Heads of key departments.
Cabinet exercises real executive power?|Yes|Makes policy.
Collective responsibility under which article?|Article 164(2)|State CoM to assembly.
State CoM collectively responsible to?|Legislative Assembly|Not council.
Meaning of collective responsibility?|Ministers stand or fall together|Government unity.
If Assembly passes no-confidence motion?|Entire CoM resigns|Government falls.
Minister publicly opposing Cabinet should?|Resign|Maintain unity.
Individual responsibility means?|Minister responsible for department|Answerable for ministry.
Minister removed by whom?|Governor on CM advice|Formal removal.
Practical removal power exercised by whom?|Chief Minister|Decides.
Legal responsibility of ministers exists in India?|No|Unlike Britain.
Parliamentary responsibility exists?|Yes|Political accountability.
Oath forms mentioned in which schedule?|Third Schedule|Forms for ministers.
Two types of oath taken by ministers?|Office & secrecy|Swear duties.
Oath administered by whom?|Governor|Administers both.
91st Amendment related to?|Size of CoM|Limits ministries.
Maximum size of State CoM?|15% of Assembly strength|91st Amendment 2003.
Minimum number of ministers in state?|12|Even for small assemblies.
Amendment year?|2003|91st Amendment Act.
Objective of amendment?|Reduce jumbo ministries|Prevent oversized cabinets.
State Cabinet Committees constitutional bodies?|No|Extra-constitutional.
Purpose of Cabinet Committees?|Efficient governance|Divide work.
Types of Cabinet Committees?|Standing & Ad hoc|Permanent and temporary.
Article 163 topic?|Council of Ministers|Aid and advice.
Article 164 topic?|Ministers|Appointment.
Article 166 topic?|Conduct of government business|Rules.
Article 167 topic?|Duties of CM|Communication.
Cabinet vs CoM?|Inner body vs larger body|Cabinet subset.
Collective vs Individual responsibility?|Whole Council vs single minister|Collective to assembly, individual to CM.
Cabinet Minister vs MoS?|Senior vs junior|Rank difference.
State CoM responsible to?|Legislative Assembly|Article 164(2).
Union CoM responsible to?|Lok Sabha|Central lower house.
State CoM responsible to?|Legislative Assembly|State lower house.
Union head?|PM|Leads Union CoM.
State head?|CM|Leads State CoM.
Union nominal executive?|President|Head of state.
State nominal executive?|Governor|Head of state.
Cabinet and CoM same?|No|Cabinet smaller.
State CoM responsible to Legislative Council?|No|Only assembly.
Minister can remain non-member forever?|No|Must become member in 6 months.
Governor removes ministers independently?|No|On CM advice.
Legal responsibility exists strongly?|No|Not in India.
Cabinet larger than CoM?|No|CoM larger.
91st Amendment related to?|CoM size limit|15% cap.
State CoM size limit?|15%|Of assembly strength.
Minimum ministers in state?|12|Floor limit.
Shamsher Singh case related to?|Governor acts on advice|1974, binding nature.
S.R. Bommai case emphasized?|Collective responsibility|1994, floor test.
Nabam Rebia case related to?|Governor discretion|2016, limits discretion.
Trick for Articles|163 Advice, 164 Ministers|Memory aid.
Trick for Responsibilities|CI|Collective, Individual (No legal responsibility).
Trick for Minister Types|CMD|Cabinet Minister, Minister of State, Deputy Minister.
State CoM collectively responsible to|Legislative Assembly|Article 164(2).
Cabinet is|Smaller inner body|Real policy maker.
Maximum size of State CoM|15%|Of assembly.
Minimum number of ministers in state|12|91st Amendment.
Minister must become Legislature member within|6 months|Article 164(4).
Head of State CoM|CM|Leads council.
Collective responsibility|Legislative Assembly|Accountability.
Cabinet|Inner body|Senior ministers.
CoM Size Limit|15%|91st Amendment.
Minimum Ministers|12|Floor.
Amendment|91st|2003.
Governor bound by advice normally|Yes|Except discretion.
Minister membership limit|6 months|Must be elected.
Highest category|Cabinet Minister|Top tier.
Real executive power|Cabinet|Exercises authority.
[CHAPTER] ADVOCATE GENERAL OF STATE
Highest law officer of a state?|Advocate General|Chief legal advisor to state government.
Advocate General mentioned in which article?|Article 165|Creates the office.
Advocate General belongs to Union or State?|State|State-level law officer.
Union equivalent of Advocate General?|Attorney General|Central law officer.
Advocate General appointed by whom?|Governor|Appoints AG.
Advocate General appointed under which article?|Article 165|Constitutional provision.
AG appointed by whom?|Governor|State appointment.
AG holds office during pleasure of whom?|Governor|No fixed tenure.
Constitution fixes AG tenure?|No|Tenure not prescribed.
Constitution fixes AG salary?|No|Determined by Governor.
Qualification of Advocate General same as whom?|High Court Judge|Must be qualified for HC judge.
Minimum judicial experience for AG qualification?|10 years judicial office|One criterion.
Minimum advocate practice for qualification?|10 years in High Court|Alternative criterion.
Must be qualified to become?|High Court Judge|Eligibility.
Main duty of Advocate General?|Advise State Government on legal matters|Chief legal advisor.
Advocate General advises whom?|State Government|Advises Governor and government.
AG performs legal duties assigned by whom?|Governor|As referred.
AG appears for Government in High Court?|Yes|Represents state.
AG represents State in legal matters?|Yes|Appears in courts.
AG can participate in State Legislature proceedings?|Yes|Right to speak.
AG can vote in State Legislature?|No|No voting right.
AG can participate in Legislature committees?|Yes|Can be member.
AG enjoys right of audience in state courts?|Yes|Right to appear.
AG member of Legislature?|No|Not a member.
AG can advise against Government normally?|No|Duty to advise government.
AG can defend accused against State Government?|No|Cannot oppose state.
AG can hold private practice?|Yes with restrictions|Cannot advise against state.
AG full-time government servant?|No|Not full-time employee.
Fixed tenure for AG?|No|Holds during pleasure.
Removal process fixed in Constitution?|No|No procedure.
AG removed by whom?|Governor|Can remove.
AG resigns to whom?|Governor|Submits resignation.
Advocate General related to?|State|State law officer.
Attorney General related to?|Union|Central law officer.
Advocate General appointed by?|Governor|State appointment.
Attorney General appointed by?|President|Union appointment.
Advocate General article?|Article 165|State law officer.
Attorney General article?|Article 76|Union law officer.
Qualification of AG same as whom?|HC Judge|High Court judge.
Qualification of Attorney General same as whom?|SC Judge|Supreme Court judge.
Article 165 topic?|Advocate General|State legal adviser.
Article 76 topic?|Attorney General|Union legal adviser.
AG vs Attorney General?|State vs Union|Level difference.
AG voting right in Legislature?|No|Can speak, no vote.
AG participation right in Legislature?|Yes|Can attend and speak.
AG constitutional post?|Yes|Mentioned in Constitution.
AG member of Legislature?|No|Not elected.
AG can vote in Legislature?|No|No voting.
AG full-time government servant?|No|Retains practice.
Constitution fixes AG salary?|No|Determined by Governor.
AG appointed by CM?|No|Appointed by Governor.
AG constitutional post?|Yes|Article 165.
Trick for Advocate General|165 = Legal Adviser of State|Memory aid.
Trick for AG Powers|Participate but not Vote|Can speak, can attend, cannot vote.
Trick for AG Qualification|Same as High Court Judge|10 years practice or judicial office.
Article|165|Advocate General.
Highest Law Officer|Advocate General|State chief legal advisor.
Appointed by|Governor|State appointment.
Votes in Legislature|No|No voting right.
Participates in Legislature|Yes|Right to speak.
Fixed tenure|No|Pleasure of Governor.
Salary fixed by Constitution|No|Governor determines.
Union equivalent|Attorney General|Central counterpart.
Constitutional post|Yes|Article 165.
Qualification|Same as HC Judge|10 years experience.
AG Article|165|Creation.
Appointed by|Governor|State.
Highest Law Officer|Yes|Top state law officer.
Constitutional Post|Yes|In Constitution.
Voting Right|No|No vote.
Legislature Participation|Yes|Can speak.
Full-time servant|No|Part-time advisor.
Union counterpart|Attorney General|Central law officer.
Qualification|Same as HC Judge|Eligibility.
State Legal Adviser|Yes|Advises state government.
[CHAPTER] State Legislature
State Legislature article?|Article 168|Creates legislature for states.
Components of State Legislature?|Governor + Legislative Assembly + Legislative Council|Where bicameral.
All states have legislature?|Yes|Every state has at least assembly.
States with one house called?|Unicameral|Only Vidhan Sabha.
States with two houses called?|Bicameral|Vidhan Sabha + Vidhan Parishad.
Currently bicameral states 2026?|6|Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh.
Legislative Assembly called?|Vidhan Sabha|Lower house.
Legislative Council called?|Vidhan Parishad|Upper house.
Maximum strength of Assembly article?|Article 170|Composition.
Maximum Assembly seats?|500|Article 170(1).
Minimum Assembly seats?|60|Exceptions: Goa 40, Mizoram 40, Sikkim 32, Puducherry 30.
Members of Assembly elected by?|Direct election|Adult suffrage.
Reservation for SC/ST in Assembly?|Yes|Article 332.
Normal tenure of Assembly?|5 years|Article 172(1).
Assembly can be dissolved earlier?|Yes|By Governor on CM advice.
Extension during emergency?|Yes|One year at a time.
Legislative Council article?|Article 171|Composition.
Maximum strength of Council?|1/3 of Assembly|Article 171(1).
Minimum strength of Council?|40|Article 171(1).
Council is permanent?|Yes|Never dissolved.
Tenure of MLC?|6 years|One-third retire every 2 years.
Election to Council method?|Indirect election|Proportional representation.
Composition of Council 5 categories?|1/3 by MLAs, 1/3 by local bodies, 1/12 by graduates, 1/12 by teachers, 1/6 nominated by Governor|Article 171(3).
Nominated by Governor for?|Art, literature, science, social service|Special knowledge.
Creation/abolition of Council article?|Article 169|Parliament by law.
Process for creation/abolition?|Assembly passes resolution by special majority|Parliament acts.
Special majority means?|Majority of total + 2/3 present voting|Article 169.
Qualifications for MLA/MLC article?|Article 173|Eligibility.
Minimum age for MLA?|25 years|Article 173(b).
Minimum age for MLC?|30 years|Article 173(b).
Must be voter in state?|Yes|Electoral roll.
Disqualifications article?|Article 191|Same as Parliament Article 102.
Office of profit disqualifies?|Yes|Under Article 191.
Anti-defection applies?|Yes|Tenth Schedule.
Oath of member article?|Article 188|Before Governor or person appointed.
Sessions of legislature article?|Article 174|Summoning.
Governor summons legislature?|Yes|On CM advice.
Maximum gap between sessions?|6 months|Article 174(1).
Governor addresses legislature article?|Article 176|Special address.
First session after election and each year?|Yes|Governor address.
Presiding officers Assembly?|Speaker and Deputy Speaker|Article 178.
Speaker elected by?|Assembly members|From among themselves.
Deputy Speaker elected by?|Assembly|Usually opposition.
Speaker resigns to?|Deputy Speaker|Vice versa.
Speaker removal by?|Resolution passed by majority|14 days notice.
Council presiding officers?|Chairman and Deputy Chairman|Article 182.
Chairman elected by?|Council members|From among themselves.
Quorum article?|Article 189(3)|1/10th of total.
Voting in houses article?|Article 189|Majority present and voting.
Casting vote by presiding officer?|Yes|In tie.
Language in legislature article?|Article 210|Official language, Hindi or English.
Legislative procedure article?|Article 196|Ordinary bills.
Money Bill definition article?|Article 199|Same as Article 110.
Money Bill introduced where?|Legislative Assembly only|Article 198.
Council power over Money Bill?|14 days only|Can recommend.
Ordinary bill passage?|Both houses, disagreement Assembly prevails|Council can delay max 4 months.
Governor assent article?|Article 200|Four options.
Governor options on bill?|Assent, withhold, return, reserve for President|Article 200.
Reservation for President when?|Against Constitution, national interest|Governor discretion.
President consideration article?|Article 201|Assent or withhold.
Legislative Council can be abolished by?|Parliament|On state request.
Salaries of members article?|Article 195|State law determines.
Privileges of legislature article?|Article 194|Freedom of speech.
No court inquiry into proceedings article?|Article 212|Courts cannot question.
Vacation of seats article?|Article 190|Dual membership, absence 60 days.
Legislative procedure for financial matters article?|Article 202|Annual Financial Statement.
Budget presented by?|Finance Minister|On behalf of Governor.
Appropriation Bill article?|Article 204|Withdrawal.
Vote on Account article?|Article 206|Advance grant.
Legislature controls executive through?|Questions, motions, no-confidence|Collective responsibility Article 164.
No-confidence motion in which house?|Assembly only|Council cannot remove government.
Legislative Council less powerful than?|Assembly|Like Rajya Sabha vs Lok Sabha.
Delimitation for states article?|Article 170|Readjustment.
State legislature law-making power article?|Article 246|State List and Concurrent List.
Residuary powers belong to?|Parliament|Article 248.
Trick for State Legislature Articles|168 Legislature, 170 Assembly, 171 Council, 172 Duration, 174 Sessions, 178 Speaker, 199 Money Bill, 200 Governor assent|Key articles.
Trick for Council Composition|3-3-1-1-2|1/3 MLAs, 1/3 local, 1/12 graduates, 1/12 teachers, 1/6 nominated|Memory aid.
Trick for Bicameral States 2026|ABKMTU|Andhra, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh|Current six.
[CHAPTER] High Court
High Court article?|Article 214|High Court for each state.
High Courts established for?|States and UTs|One HC can serve multiple states.
Parliament can establish common HC article?|Article 231|For two or more states.
First High Court in India?|Calcutta HC 1862|Under Indian High Courts Act 1861.
Currently total High Courts 2026?|25|Latest addition Telangana 2019.
High Court is?|Highest court in state|Head of state judiciary.
High Court is court of record?|Yes|Article 215.
Court of record means?|Judgments recorded, power to punish contempt|Article 215.
Composition article?|Article 216|Chief Justice and other judges.
Appointment of HC judges article?|Article 217|By President.
Appointment made after consultation with?|CJI, Governor, Chief Justice of HC|Collegium system.
Collegium for HC includes?|CJI + 2 senior SC judges|Recommends transfers and appointments.
Qualifications for HC judge article?|Article 217(2)|Eligibility.
Qualification 1?|Citizen of India|Must be Indian.
Qualification 2?|10 years advocate in HC|Or 10 years judicial office.
No distinguished jurist provision?|Correct|Unlike SC.
Age for HC judge?|No minimum, retirement 62|Article 217(1).
Tenure till?|62 years|Increased from 60 by 15th Amendment 1963.
Oath of HC judge article?|Article 219|Before Governor.
Oath includes?|Uphold Constitution|Faith and allegiance.
Salary article?|Article 221|Determined by Parliament.
Salary charged on?|Consolidated Fund of India|State pays pension.
Salary cannot be reduced except?|Financial emergency|Protection.
Transfer of HC judges article?|Article 222|President after consultation with CJI.
Transfer with consent?|No consent needed|But consultation mandatory.
Acting Chief Justice article?|Article 223|President appoints.
Additional and acting judges article?|Article 224|For temporary increase.
Additional judge tenure?|2 years max|Article 224(1).
Retired judges sitting article?|Article 224A|CJ HC can request.
Removal of HC judge article?|Article 217(1)(b)|Same as SC judge.
Grounds for removal?|Proved misbehaviour or incapacity|Same process.
Removal requires?|Special majority Parliament|Like SC judge.
HC judge resigns to?|President|Submits resignation.
Restriction on practice after retirement?|Cannot plead in same HC|Can practice in SC and other HCs Article 220.
Jurisdiction of HC article?|Article 225|Existing jurisdiction continued.
Original jurisdiction includes?|Writs, civil, criminal, admiralty|Varies by HC.
Writ jurisdiction article?|Article 226|Most important power.
Article 226 wider than Article 32?|Yes|For Fundamental Rights and legal rights.
HC can issue writs for?|Fundamental Rights and other purposes|Broader than SC.
Types of writs?|Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo Warranto|Five prerogative writs.
Appellate jurisdiction includes?|Appeals from subordinate courts|Civil and criminal.
Supervisory jurisdiction article?|Article 227|Over all courts and tribunals in state.
Article 227 power includes?|Administrative and judicial superintendence|Except military tribunals.
Control over subordinate judiciary article?|Article 235|Posting, promotion.
District judges appointment article?|Article 233|Governor in consultation with HC.
Recruitment of judicial service article?|Article 234|Governor after consultation.
Power of superintendence ensures?|Independence of lower judiciary|HC controls.
High Court judges independence ensured by?|Security tenure, fixed salary, transfer consultation|Constitutional safeguards.
High Court can review its own judgment?|Yes|Like SC under Article 215.
Binding nature of HC judgments?|Binding on subordinate courts in state|Not on other HCs.
High Court can declare Central law unconstitutional?|Yes|Within jurisdiction.
Judicial review power derived from?|Articles 13, 226|Basic feature.
High Court under administrative control of?|No one|Independent.
Expenses of HC charged on?|Consolidated Fund of State|Article 229.
Chief Justice appoints officers article?|Article 229|Staff of HC.
High Court language?|English|Until Parliament provides otherwise.
Calcutta, Bombay, Madras HCs established by?|Letters Patent 1862|British era.
Newest High Courts?|Telangana 2019, Andhra Pradesh 2019|Bifurcation.
Common HC for Punjab and Haryana?|Yes|Chandigarh.
Common HC for Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal?|Guwahati HC|Serves NE states.
High Court can issue writ against?|State, authorities, individuals|Within territory.
Territorial jurisdiction extends to?|State boundaries|Can extend beyond for cause of action.
Certificate for appeal to SC article?|Article 134A|HC grants certificate.
Trick for HC Articles|214 HC, 215 Court of Record, 216 Composition, 217 Appointment, 226 Writs, 227 Superintendence, 231 Common HC|Key articles.
Trick for Qualifications|10 years|10 years advocate or judicial officer, citizen|Simple.
Trick for Powers|WOSA|Writs, Original, Supervisory, Appellate|Four main jurisdictions.
[CHAPTER] Subordinate Courts
Subordinate Courts mentioned in?|Part VI Chapter VI|Articles 233–237.
Subordinate Courts are under control of?|High Court|Article 235.
Why under HC?|Ensures judicial independence from executive|Separation of powers.
District Judges appointment article?|Article 233|Governor appoints.
Appointment made by whom?|Governor|In consultation with High Court.
Consultation with HC is?|Mandatory|Not merely formal.
Qualifications for District Judge article?|Article 233(2)|Eligibility.
Qualification 1?|Not already in government service|Must be outsider or promoted.
Qualification 2?|7 years advocate or pleader|Practice experience.
Qualification 3?|Recommended by HC|HC recommendation required.
District Judge includes?|City civil judge, sessions judge, additional district judge|Article 236.
Recruitment of other judicial officers article?|Article 234|Munsifs, civil judges junior division.
Appointment of judicial service other than DJ by?|Governor|After consultation with State PSC and HC.
State PSC conducts exam for?|Judicial service|Recruitment.
Control over subordinate judiciary article?|Article 235|Vesting in HC.
Control includes?|Posting, promotion, leave, discipline|Full administrative control.
Why HC control?|Protects independence|Prevents executive interference.
District Judge posting by whom?|High Court|Not government.
Disciplinary action against judicial officer by?|High Court|Inquiry and punishment.
Appeal against HC disciplinary order lies to?|Supreme Court|Under Article 136.
Application of provisions to magistrates article?|Article 237|Governor can apply with modifications.
Governor can extend provisions to?|Magistrates|With modifications.
Subordinate courts hierarchy below HC?|District and Sessions Court → Additional → Civil Judge Senior → Civil Judge Junior → Munsif|Varies by state.
Criminal side hierarchy?|Sessions Court → Additional Sessions → Chief Judicial Magistrate → Judicial Magistrate First Class → Second Class|CrPC structure.
Civil side hierarchy?|District Court → Subordinate Judge → Munsif|Civil jurisdiction.
District Judge hears?|Civil and criminal appeals|Sessions for criminal.
Sessions Judge appointed from?|District Judges|Same person dual role.
Judicial Magistrates appointed by?|High Court|Under Article 235.
Executive Magistrates appointed by?|State government|Not under HC, maintain law order.
Separation of judiciary from executive article?|Article 50|Directive Principle.
Article 50 directs state to?|Separate judiciary from executive|In public services.
Code of Civil Procedure governs?|Civil courts|Procedure.
Code of Criminal Procedure governs?|Criminal courts|Procedure.
Family Courts established under?|Family Courts Act 1984|Special subordinate courts.
Commercial Courts established under?|Commercial Courts Act 2015|Speedy business disputes.
Gram Nyayalayas established under?|Gram Nyayalayas Act 2008|Village level justice.
Lok Adalats are?|Alternative dispute resolution|Not regular courts.
Fast Track Courts created for?|Speedy disposal|Pendency reduction.
Subordinate judiciary is?|State judiciary|Lowest tier.
High Court superintendence article?|Article 227|Over subordinate courts.
Subordinate courts bound by?|HC and SC judgments|Precedent.
Appointment of District Judge from service?|Promotion from judicial service|HC recommends.
Direct recruitment vs promotion ratio?|Usually 25% direct, 75% promotion|Varies by state rules.
Judicial independence at lower level ensured by?|HC control under Article 235|Not executive.
Trick for Articles|233 DJ appointment, 234 Recruitment, 235 Control, 236 Interpretation, 237 Application|Sequence memory.
Trick for DJ Qualifications|7 NOT|7 years practice, NOT in service, HC recommendation|Key points.
Trick for HC Control|PPDL|Posting, Promotion, Discipline, Leave|Administrative powers.
[CHAPTER] Part VIII
Part VIII deals with?|Union Territories|Administration of UTs.
Articles covered?|Articles 239 to 242|Originally 239-241, later amendments.
Union Territories are administered by?|President|Through administrator.
Administrator appointed by whom?|President|Article 239(1).
Designations of administrator?|Lieutenant Governor, Administrator, Chief Commissioner|Varies by UT.
President acts through?|Administrator|Agent of Centre.
Parliament can create UT legislature article?|Article 239A|For certain UTs.
Article 239A created for?|Puducherry originally 1962|Later others.
UTs with legislature currently?|Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu & Kashmir|3 UTs.
Delhi special provision article?|Article 239AA|Inserted 1991.
239AA gives Delhi?|Legislative Assembly and Council of Ministers|Special status.
Delhi called?|National Capital Territory|69th Amendment 1991.
Delhi CM appointed by?|President|Lieutenant Governor administers oath.
Delhi Assembly powers exclude?|Public Order, Police, Land|Article 239AA(3)(a).
Laws of Parliament prevail over Delhi laws?|Yes|In case of conflict.
Jammu & Kashmir reorganization article?|Article 239A applied|After 2019.
J&K became UT with legislature in?|31 October 2019|J&K Reorganisation Act.
Puducherry special provision article?|Article 239A|Legislature by Parliament law.
Administrator of UT with legislature acts on?|Aid and advice of Council|Except discretion.
Power of President to make regulations article?|Article 240|For certain UTs.
Article 240 applies to?|Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep, Dadra Nagar Haveli Daman Diu, Puducherry, Ladakh|President makes regulations.
Regulations have same force as?|Act of Parliament|Can repeal Parliament laws for UT.
High Court for UTs article?|Article 241|Parliament can constitute.
Delhi High Court established?|1966|For Delhi.
J&K High Court renamed?|High Court of J&K and Ladakh|Common HC.
Andaman jurisdiction under?|Calcutta HC|Port Blair circuit bench.
Lakshadweep under?|Kerala HC|Kochi.
Puducherry under?|Madras HC|Chennai.
Dadra Nagar Haveli Daman Diu under?|Bombay HC|Mumbai.
Chandigarh under?|Punjab and Haryana HC|Chandigarh.
Ladakh under?|J&K and Ladakh HC|Srinagar/Jammu.
Advisory role of administrator?|Can refer differences to President|In UTs with legislature.
Council of Ministers in UT responsible to?|Legislative Assembly|Collective responsibility.
Administrator can promulgate ordinances?|Yes|When assembly not in session, with President instruction.
Parliament power over UTs?|Supreme|Can make laws on any subject.
UTs representation in Parliament?|Yes|Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Delhi has how many LS seats?|7|Rajya Sabha 3.
Puducherry LS seats?|1|Rajya Sabha 1.
J&K LS seats?|5|Rajya Sabha 4.
Other UTs have?|1 or 0 LS seats|Some nominated.
UTs without legislature administered directly by?|Central government|Through administrator.
Difference between State and UT?|State has federal autonomy, UT under Centre|Constitutional status.
Part VIII originally had?|Articles 239-242|242 repealed.
Article 242 repealed by?|7th Amendment 1956|Dealt with Coorg.
Smallest UT by area?|Lakshadweep|32 sq km.
Largest UT by area?|Ladakh|59,146 sq km.
Newest UTs?|Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh|2019.
Trick for UT Articles|239 Administration, 239A Legislature, 239AA Delhi, 240 Regulations, 241 High Court|Key sequence.
Trick for UTs with legislature|DPJ|Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu & Kashmir|Memory aid.
[CHAPTER] Part IX
Part IX deals with?|Panchayats|Rural local self-government.
Part IX added by?|73rd Constitutional Amendment 1992|Came into force 24 April 1993.
Articles covered?|Articles 243 to 243O|16 articles.
Schedule added?|Eleventh Schedule|29 subjects.
Panchayati Raj Day?|24 April|Commemorates 1993.
Definition of Panchayat article?|Article 243(d)|Institution of self-government.
Gram Sabha defined in?|Article 243(b)|Body of registered voters in village.
Gram Sabha is?|Foundation of Panchayati Raj|Direct democracy.
Three-tier system article?|Article 243B|Panchayat at village, intermediate, district.
States with population below 20 lakh may?|Skip intermediate level|Optional.
Composition of Panchayats article?|Article 243C|Direct election.
All members elected directly by?|People|From territorial constituencies.
Chairperson of village panchayat elected?|As state law provides|Direct or indirect.
Chairperson of intermediate and district elected?|Indirectly|By elected members.
Reservation for SC/ST article?|Article 243D|Proportion to population.
Reservation for women?|Not less than one-third|33% seats and chairpersons.
Reservation includes?|SC/ST women within quota|Intersectional.
Reservation for OBC?|State may provide|Not mandatory.
Rotation of reserved seats?|Yes|By state law.
Duration of Panchayat article?|Article 243E|5 years.
Election before expiry?|Before 5 years|Timely elections.
Dissolution early?|Fresh election within 6 months|If remainder >6 months.
Disqualifications article?|Article 243F|Same as state legislature.
Minimum age to contest?|21 years|Article 243F.
State Election Commission article?|Article 243K|Conducts panchayat elections.
SEC appointed by?|Governor|Independent.
SEC removal same as?|High Court judge|Security of tenure.
Powers of SEC?|Superintendence, direction, control of elections|Panchayat and municipalities.
State Finance Commission article?|Article 243I|Reviews finances.
SFC constituted every?|5 years|By Governor.
SFC recommends?|Distribution of taxes, grants-in-aid|State to panchayats.
Audit of accounts article?|Article 243J|State law provides.
Powers and responsibilities article?|Article 243G|Prepare plans for economic development and social justice.
Subjects listed in?|Eleventh Schedule|29 items.
Eleventh Schedule includes?|Agriculture, irrigation, health, education, poverty alleviation|Local subjects.
Taxation powers article?|Article 243H|Panchayat can levy taxes.
State legislature may authorize?|Taxes, duties, tolls, fees|To panchayats.
Application to UTs article?|Article 243L|President may apply with modifications.
Exempted areas article?|Article 243M|Does not apply to certain areas.
Exemptions include?|Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram tribal areas, hill areas Manipur, Darjeeling|Schedule areas.
PESA Act extends to?|Scheduled Areas|1996 law.
PESA stands for?|Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas|Gives autonomy.
Continuance of existing laws article?|Article 243N|One year to conform.
Bar to court interference article?|Article 243O|Courts cannot interfere in delimitation or elections.
Election disputes go to?|Tribunal as per state law|Not regular courts.
Panchayats are institutions of?|Self-government|Constitutional status.
73rd Amendment gave constitutional status to?|Panchayati Raj|Earlier recommendatory.
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee 1957 recommended?|Three-tier Panchayati Raj|Democratic decentralization.
Ashok Mehta Committee 1977 recommended?|Two-tier|Decline phase.
L M Singhvi Committee 1986 recommended?|Constitutional status|Basis for 73rd.
Panchayati Raj first implemented in?|Rajasthan Nagaur 1959|Then Andhra Pradesh.
Trick for Part IX Articles|243 Definitions, 243B Three-tier, 243D Reservation, 243E Duration, 243G Powers, 243K SEC, 243I SFC|Key articles.
Trick for 73rd Amendment|PRIDE|Panchayati Raj Institutionalized, Direct Elections, Reservation 33%, Duration 5 years, Eleventh Schedule|Memory aid.
[CHAPTER] Part IXA
Part IXA deals with?|Municipalities|Urban local self-government.
Part IXA added by?|74th Constitutional Amendment 1992|Came into force 1 June 1993.
Articles covered?|Articles 243P to 243ZG|18 articles.
Schedule added?|Twelfth Schedule|18 subjects.
Municipalities defined in?|Article 243P|Institutions of self-government.
Types of municipalities article?|Article 243Q|Three types.
Three types are?|Nagar Panchayat, Municipal Council, Municipal Corporation|Based on population.
Nagar Panchayat for?|Transitional area|Rural to urban.
Municipal Council for?|Smaller urban area|Medium towns.
Municipal Corporation for?|Larger urban area|Big cities.
Composition article?|Article 243R|Direct election.
Wards are?|Territorial constituencies|Direct elections.
Seats filled by direct election?|All|People elect.
State may provide representation for?|Persons with special knowledge, MPs, MLAs|Without voting rights.
Wards Committees article?|Article 243S|For population 3 lakh+.
Wards Committee composition?|Members of wards within area|Decentralization.
Reservation article?|Article 243T|SC/ST proportion, women 1/3.
Reservation for chairpersons?|Yes|33% women.
Reservation for OBC?|State may provide|Not mandatory.
Rotation of seats?|Yes|As per law.
Duration article?|Article 243U|5 years.
Election before expiry?|Must|Timely.
Dissolution early?|Fresh election within 6 months|If term left >6 months.
Disqualifications article?|Article 243V|Same as state legislature.
Minimum age to contest?|21 years|Same as panchayat.
Powers and responsibilities article?|Article 243W|Economic development and social justice.
Subjects in Twelfth Schedule?|18 items|Urban planning, water, sanitation, slums.
Twelfth Schedule includes?|Urban planning, roads, water supply, public health, fire services|Local functions.
Taxation powers article?|Article 243X|Municipality can levy taxes.
State Finance Commission for municipalities article?|Article 243Y|Same SFC as panchayats reviews municipal finances.
SFC recommends?|Distribution of taxes and grants|To municipalities.
Audit of accounts article?|Article 243Z|State law provides.
Elections article?|Article 243ZA|State Election Commission conducts.
SEC same as for panchayats?|Yes|Article 243K.
Application to UTs article?|Article 243ZB|President may apply.
Exempted areas article?|Article 243ZC|Scheduled areas and tribal areas.
Committee for District Planning article?|Article 243ZD|Consolidates plans of panchayats and municipalities.
DPC composition?|4/5 elected members|From local bodies.
Committee for Metropolitan Planning article?|Article 243ZE|For metro areas population 10 lakh+.
MPC prepares?|Development plan for metropolitan area|Integrated planning.
Bar to court interference article?|Article 243ZG|Same as panchayats.
Continuance of existing laws article?|Article 243ZF|One year to conform.
Municipalities are?|Third tier of government|Urban self-government.
74th Amendment gave constitutional status to?|Urban local bodies|Earlier statutory.
First Municipal Corporation in India?|Madras 1688|British era.
Metropolitan area defined as?|Population 10 lakh+|Article 243P(c).
District Planning Committee ensures?|Coordinated planning|Rural-urban integration.
State Election Commission independence ensures?|Free and fair local elections|Like EC.
Trick for Part IXA Articles|243Q Types, 243T Reservation, 243U Duration, 243W Powers, 243Y Finance, 243ZD DPC|Key articles.
Trick for 74th Amendment|MUNICIPAL|Municipalities constitutional, Urban planning, Nagar Panchayat, 1/3 women, 5 years, 18 subjects, Planning committees, Direct elections|Memory aid.
[CHAPTER]Part IXB
Part IXB deals with?|Cooperative Societies|Voluntary associations.
Part IXB added by?|97th Constitutional Amendment 2011|Came into force 15 Feb 2012.
Articles covered?|Articles 243ZH to 243ZT|13 articles.
Cooperative societies given constitutional status by?|97th Amendment|Earlier state subject.
Right to form cooperatives made fundamental right article?|Article 19(1)(c)|Added word cooperative societies.
Definitions article?|Article 243ZH|Key terms.
Cooperative society defined as?|Voluntary association with common economic needs|Self-help.
Board means?|Governing body|Directors.
Office bearer means?|President, Vice-President, Chairperson, Secretary, Treasurer|Elected.
Incorporation article?|Article 243ZI|State law provides.
Number and term of board members article?|Article 243ZJ|Maximum 21 directors.
Term of board?|5 years|Co-terminus.
Reservation on board?|One seat SC/ST, two seats women|Mandatory.
Co-option of experts?|Up to 2 members|With no voting rights.
Election of board article?|Article 243ZK|Before expiry of term.
State Election authority conducts?|Elections of cooperatives|As state law provides.
Supersession of board article?|Article 243ZL|Maximum 6 months.
Board can be superseded only in?|Persistent default, negligence, corrupt practices|Limited grounds.
Administrator appointed during supersession?|Yes|For max 6 months.
Audit of accounts article?|Article 243ZM|Annual audit.
Audit within?|6 months of close of financial year|Timely audit.
Accounts to be audited by?|Auditor appointed by state|Or cooperative auditor.
Convening general body meeting article?|Article 243ZN|Annual general meeting within 6 months.
Right to information article?|Article 243ZO|Members access books and accounts.
Returns to be filed article?|Article 243ZP|Annual returns to registrar.
Offences and penalties article?|Article 243ZQ|State law provides.
Application to multi-state cooperatives article?|Article 243ZR|With modifications.
Application to UTs article?|Article 243ZS|President may direct.
Continuance of existing laws article?|Article 243ZT|One year to conform.
Part IXB struck down partly by SC in 2021?|Yes|For multi-state cooperatives without ratification.
Supreme Court case?|Union of India vs Rajendra Shah 2021|Part IXB applies only to state cooperatives.
Centre re-enacted for multi-state in 2023?|Yes|Through constitutional amendment process.
Cooperative societies are in which list?|State List Entry 32|Except multi-state.
Multi-state cooperatives under?|Union List Entry 44|Central law.
Objective of 97th Amendment?|Autonomous functioning, democratic control, professional management|Reform cooperatives.
Cooperatives based on principles of?|Voluntary, democratic, member economic participation|ICA principles.
Trick for Part IXB Articles|ZH Definitions, ZI Incorporation, ZJ Board 21, ZK Election, ZL Supersession 6 months, ZM Audit|Key sequence.
Trick for 97th Amendment|COPS 5|Cooperatives constitutional, 5-year term, 21 directors, 1 SC/ST 2 women, 6 months audit and AGM|Memory aid.
[CHAPTER]Part X
Part X deals with?|Scheduled and Tribal Areas|Administration of tribal areas.
Articles covered?|Articles 244 and 244A|Two articles.
Article 244 covers?|Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas|Fifth and Sixth Schedules.
Scheduled Areas governed by?|Fifth Schedule|Article 244(1).
Tribal Areas in NE governed by?|Sixth Schedule|Article 244(2).
Fifth Schedule applies to?|Scheduled Areas in states other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram|Central India tribal belt.
Sixth Schedule applies to?|Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram|NE tribal areas.
President declares Scheduled Areas?|Yes|By order after consultation with Governor.
Governor has special responsibility for?|Scheduled Areas|Reports to President annually.
Tribes Advisory Council article?|Fifth Schedule|Advises Governor.
TAC consists of?|20 members, 3/4th ST MLAs|In Fifth Schedule states.
Governor can make regulations for?|Peace and good government|In Scheduled Areas.
Laws of Parliament or state apply automatically?|No|Governor can modify or exclude.
Sixth Schedule provides for?|Autonomous District Councils|ADCs.
ADCs have powers to?|Make laws on land, forest, customs, marriage|Legislative powers.
ADCs have judicial powers?|Yes|Village courts.
ADCs have financial powers?|Yes|Taxes and revenue.
Currently Sixth Schedule states?|4|Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram.
Autonomous districts in Assam?|3|Karbi Anglong, Dima Hasao, Bodoland.
Meghalaya ADCs?|3|Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills, Garo Hills.
Tripura ADC?|1|Tripura Tribal Areas.
Mizoram ADCs?|3|Chakma, Mara, Lai.
Article 244A provides for?|Autonomous state within Assam|Special provision.
244A inserted by?|22nd Amendment 1969|For Meghalaya initially.
Parliament can form autonomous state under 244A?|Yes|By law.
Autonomous state under 244A would have?|Own legislature and council of ministers|Within Assam.
Has 244A been used?|No fully|Provision remains.
Difference between Fifth and Sixth?|Fifth has TAC advisory, Sixth has ADCs with autonomy|Degree of self-governance.
Scheduled Areas states currently?|10|AP, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, HP, Jharkhand, MP, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan.
Governor's report on Scheduled Areas submitted to?|President|Annually.
Parliament can amend Schedules?|Yes|By law, not constitutional amendment.
PESA Act 1996 extends to?|Fifth Schedule areas|Empowers Gram Sabhas.
PESA gives Gram Sabha power over?|Land, minor forest produce, money lending|Self-governance.
Trick for Part X|244(1) Fifth, 244(2) Sixth, 244A Autonomous state|Key division.
Trick for Schedules|5th Central India, 6th Northeast|Geography memory.
[CHAPTER] Part XI
Part XI deals with?|Relations between Union and States|Federal relations.
Part XI divided into?|Legislative relations and Administrative relations|Two chapters.
Legislative relations articles?|Articles 245–255|Chapter I.
Administrative relations articles?|Articles 256–263|Chapter II.
Extent of laws by Parliament and States article?|Article 245|Territorial jurisdiction.
Parliament can make laws for?|Whole or any part of India|Article 245(1).
State legislature can make laws for?|Whole or any part of state|Article 245(1).
Parliament can make extra-territorial laws?|Yes|Article 245(2).
Subject-matter distribution article?|Article 246|Three lists.
Three lists are?|Union List, State List, Concurrent List|Seventh Schedule.
Union List subjects?|97 originally, now 100|Exclusive Parliament.
State List subjects?|66 originally, now 61|Exclusive states.
Concurrent List subjects?|47 originally, now 52|Both can legislate.
Residuary powers article?|Article 248|Parliament exclusive.
Residuary powers include?|Taxes not mentioned|Parliament.
Parliament power in national interest article?|Article 249|Rajya Sabha resolution.
Article 249 requires?|2/3 majority Rajya Sabha|State List subject becomes concurrent for 1 year.
Parliament power during emergency article?|Article 250|State List becomes concurrent.
Parliament power with states consent article?|Article 252|Two or more states request.
Laws under Article 252 apply to?|Consenting states and others adopting|Example Wildlife Act.
International agreements article?|Article 253|Parliament can legislate for treaties.
Article 253 overrides?|State List|Even without consent.
Inconsistency between laws article?|Article 254|Repugnancy.
If Concurrent List conflict?|Central law prevails|Article 254(1).
State law can prevail if?|Reserved for President assent|Article 254(2).
Administrative relations obligation of states article?|Article 256|States must ensure compliance with central laws.
Centre can give directions to states article?|Article 257|For certain matters.
Directions for?|Construction of means of communication, protection of railways|Article 257(2)(3).
Coercive sanction for non-compliance?|Article 365|President's Rule possible.
Delegation of Union functions article?|Article 258|President can entrust to state.
Delegation of state functions article?|Article 258A|Governor can entrust to Centre.
All India Services article?|Article 312|Common to Centre and states.
Jurisdiction over rivers article?|Article 262|Inter-state water disputes.
Parliament can provide adjudication for?|Inter-state river disputes|Article 262(1).
Bar on courts jurisdiction?|Article 262(2)|Parliament may exclude SC.
Inter-State Council article?|Article 263|Coordination.
Inter-State Council established by?|President|If public interest.
Inter-State Council set up in?|1990|On Sarkaria Commission recommendation.
Chairman of ISC?|Prime Minister|Chief Ministers members.
Zonal Councils are statutory not constitutional?|Yes|Under States Reorganisation Act 1956.
Full faith and credit clause article?|Article 261|Public acts, records, judicial proceedings.
Article 261 ensures?|Recognition across states|Federal comity.
Trick for Legislative Powers|245 Territory, 246 Lists, 248 Residuary, 249 RS 2/3, 250 Emergency, 252 Consent, 253 Treaty, 254 Repugnancy|Key articles.
Trick for Lists|U 100, S 61, C 52|Current numbers.
[CHAPTER] Part XII
Part XII deals with?|Finance, Property, Contracts, Suits|Financial relations.
Articles covered?|Articles 264–300A|37 articles.
Part XII divided into?|4 chapters|Finance, borrowing, property, right to property.
Interpretation article?|Article 264|Definitions for Part XII.
Finance Commission article?|Article 280|Quasi-judicial body.
Finance Commission constituted by?|President|Every 5 years.
FC recommends?|Distribution of taxes, grants-in-aid, augmenting state funds|Article 280(3).
First FC 1951 chairman?|K C Neogy|15th FC N K Singh.
Taxes levied by Centre but collected by states article?|Article 268|Stamp duties.
Taxes levied and collected by Centre but assigned to states article?|Article 269|Now GST.
Taxes levied and collected by Centre and distributed article?|Article 270|Income tax, excise.
Article 270 after 80th Amendment 2000?|All central taxes shareable|Except cess surcharge.
Grants-in-aid article?|Article 275|Centre to states.
Grants for tribal welfare?|Article 275(1)|Special grants.
GST Council article?|Article 279A|Added by 101st Amendment 2016.
GST Council chairman?|Union Finance Minister|States FMs members.
GST Council decisions by?|3/4 majority|Centre 1/3 weight, states 2/3.
Consolidated Fund of India article?|Article 266(1)|All revenues.
No money withdrawn except?|By law|Parliament appropriation.
Charged expenditure on CFI includes?|President salary, SC judges, CAG|Not votable.
Public Account of India article?|Article 266(2)|Other moneys like PF.
Contingency Fund of India article?|Article 267|Imprest for emergencies.
Contingency Fund held by?|President|500 crore corpus.
Consolidated Fund of State article?|Article 266(1)|State revenues.
Borrowing by Centre article?|Article 292|Within limits Parliament.
Borrowing by states article?|Article 293|Within limits legislature.
States cannot borrow abroad?|Correct|Only Centre.
Property of Union and States article?|Article 294|Succession from British.
Escheat and bona vacantia article?|Article 296|Property without owner goes to state.
Contracts by government article?|Article 299|In name of President or Governor.
Suits by and against government article?|Article 300|Union of India or State.
Right to Property article?|Article 300A|Constitutional right.
Article 300A inserted by?|44th Amendment 1978|Deleted from Fundamental Rights.
Right to Property earlier was?|Article 31|Fundamental Right till 1978.
Now property can be taken by?|Authority of law|Not fundamental.
No tax without authority of law article?|Article 265|No tax except by law.
Annual Financial Statement article?|Article 112|Union Budget.
Appropriation Bill article?|Article 114|Withdrawal from CFI.
Finance Bill deals with?|Taxation|Article 110 Money Bill.
Comptroller and Auditor General audits article?|Article 149|Accounts of Union and States.
Trick for Part XII|280 FC, 266 CFI, 267 Contingency, 268-270 Taxes, 279A GST, 292-293 Borrowing, 300A Property|Key articles.
Trick for Funds|CPC|Consolidated, Public, Contingency|Three government funds.
[CHAPTER] Part XIII
Part XIII deals with?|Trade, commerce and intercourse|Within territory of India.
Articles covered?|Articles 301 to 307|7 articles.
Freedom of trade article?|Article 301|Freedom throughout India.
Article 301 states?|Trade, commerce, intercourse shall be free|Throughout territory.
Freedom is for?|Inter-state and intra-state|Both.
Article 301 is based on?|Australian Constitution Section 92|Inspiration.
Restrictions by Parliament article?|Article 302|Public interest.
Parliament can impose restrictions in?|Public interest|Non-discriminatory.
Parliament cannot give preference to one state over another article?|Article 303(1)|Prohibition of discrimination.
Exception to Article 303 article?|Article 303(2)|Scarcity of goods.
Parliament can discriminate if?|Scarcity in any part|To deal with shortage.
State restrictions article?|Article 304|Reasonable restrictions.
Article 304(a) allows?|Non-discriminatory taxes on goods from other states|Similar to local goods.
Article 304(b) allows?|Reasonable restrictions in public interest|With President's prior sanction.
Prior sanction of President required for?|Article 304(b) bills|State legislature.
Restrictions on trade by states need?|President approval|Prevents trade barriers.
Saving of existing laws article?|Article 305|Existing laws and state monopolies protected.
State can create monopoly article?|Article 19(6)(ii) and 305|For trade or business.
Appointment of authority article?|Article 307|Parliament can appoint authority for Articles 301-304.
Has Parliament appointed authority under 307?|No|Not yet established.
Trade includes?|Movement of goods|Tangible.
Commerce includes?|Buying and selling|Transactions.
Intercourse includes?|Movement of persons|Non-commercial.
Article 301 freedom is not absolute?|Correct|Subject to Articles 302-305.
Reasonable restriction test applied by?|Courts|Judicial review.
Article 301 ensures?|Economic unity of India|Single market.
Difference between Article 301 and 19(1)(g)?|301 for trade flow, 19(1)(g) for occupation|Both related.
GST supports Article 301 by?|Removing inter-state barriers|One nation one tax.
Trick for Part XIII|301 Free, 302 Parliament, 303 No preference, 304 State with President, 305 Saving, 307 Authority|Key articles.
[CHAPTER] Part XIV
Part XIV deals with?|Services under Union and States|Civil services.
Articles covered?|Articles 308–323|16 articles.
Part XIV divided into?|Chapter I Services, Chapter II PSCs|Two chapters.
Interpretation article?|Article 308|Definitions for Part XIV.
Recruitment and conditions article?|Article 309|Parliament and state legislatures regulate.
Article 309 empowers?|Appropriate legislature|To make laws for services.
President and Governor can make rules until law made?|Yes|Article 309 proviso.
Tenure of office article?|Article 310|Doctrine of pleasure.
Civil servants hold office during?|Pleasure of President or Governor|Article 310(1).
Doctrine of pleasure originates from?|English common law|Crown.
Restriction on pleasure article?|Article 311|Safeguards against dismissal.
Article 311 applies to?|Civil posts under Union or State|Not defence.
Article 311(1) protection?|Cannot be dismissed by subordinate authority|Who appointed.
Article 311(2) protection?|Reasonable opportunity of being heard|Inquiry.
Exceptions to Article 311(2)?|Three|Criminal conviction, impracticable, security of state.
All India Services article?|Article 312|Rajya Sabha creates.
Article 312 requires?|Rajya Sabha resolution 2/3 majority|New AIS.
Existing AIS?|IAS, IPS, IFS|Indian Forest Service 1966.
AIS officers recruited by?|UPSC|Allotted to states.
Public Service Commissions chapter?|Articles 315–323|Chapter II.
UPSC establishment article?|Article 315(1)|For Union.
SPSC establishment article?|Article 315(2)|For each state.
Joint PSC article?|Article 315(2)|Two or more states by agreement.
Appointment of UPSC members article?|Article 316|President appoints.
Appointment of SPSC members article?|Article 316|Governor appoints.
Term of UPSC member?|6 years or age 65|Whichever earlier.
Term of SPSC member?|6 years or age 62|Whichever earlier.
Removal of PSC members article?|Article 317|President orders.
Grounds for removal?|Misbehaviour, insolvency, infirmity, paid employment|Article 317(3).
Misbehaviour proved by?|Supreme Court inquiry|On President reference.
Functions of PSCs article?|Article 320|Recruitment by exams.
UPSC conducts exams for?|All India, Central Services|Civil services.
SPSC conducts exams for?|State services|State civil services.
PSC is advisory body?|Yes|Government may reject with reasons.
Independence of PSC ensured by?|Article 318-319|Conditions of service.
Member after ceasing cannot?|Article 319|Reappointment restrictions.
UPSC chairman not eligible for?|Any government employment|After term.
Expenses of PSC charged on?|Consolidated Fund|Article 322.
Reports of PSCs article?|Article 323|Annual report to President/Governor.
PSC reports laid before?|Parliament or state legislature|With memorandum.
Trick for Part XIV|309 Recruitment, 310 Pleasure, 311 Protection, 312 AIS, 315 PSC, 316 Appointment, 317 Removal, 320 Functions|Key articles.
Trick for Ages|UPSC 65, SPSC 62|Union higher.
[CHAPTER] Part XIVA
Part XIVA deals with?|Tribunals|Quasi-judicial bodies.
Part XIVA added by?|42nd Amendment 1976|During Emergency.
Articles covered?|Articles 323A and 323B|Two articles.
Administrative Tribunals article?|Article 323A|For public services.
Tribunals for other matters article?|Article 323B|For other subjects.
Article 323A empowers?|Parliament|To create Administrative Tribunals.
323A covers disputes relating to?|Recruitment and conditions of service|Union, state, local bodies.
Law under 323A can exclude jurisdiction of?|All courts except Supreme Court under Article 136|Originally.
Central Administrative Tribunal established?|1985|Under Administrative Tribunals Act 1985.
CAT deals with?|Central government employees|Service matters.
State Administrative Tribunals?|States may establish|For state employees.
Chairman of CAT appointed by?|President|After consultation.
Appeals from CAT go to?|High Court|After L Chandra Kumar 1997.
Article 323B empowers?|Parliament and state legislatures|To create tribunals for other matters.
323B subjects include?|Tax, foreign exchange, industrial disputes, land reforms, elections, food, rent|Article 323B(2).
Examples of 323B tribunals?|Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, NGT, CESTAT|Various.
Hierarchy of tribunals?|No|Independent.
Difference 323A vs 323B?|323A only Parliament, only services; 323B Parliament and states, many subjects|Key distinction.
Tribunals are under?|Ministry of Law or concerned ministry|Executive.
Tribunals follow principles of?|Natural justice|Not strict CPC.
Members have tenure and expertise?|Yes|Judicial and technical members.
L Chandra Kumar case 1997 held?|Tribunals cannot exclude High Court jurisdiction|Articles 226/227.
Tribunals subject to writ jurisdiction of?|High Courts|Under 226.
Supreme Court appeal from tribunals under?|Article 136|Special leave.
Objective of tribunals?|Speedy, specialized justice|Reduce court burden.
Part XIVA placed after?|Part XIV Services|Logical placement.
Trick for Part XIVA|A for Administration by Parliament, B for Both Parliament and States for Broad subjects|Memory aid.
[CHAPTER] Part XV
Part XV deals with?|Elections|Superintendence of elections.
Articles covered?|Articles 324 to 329A|Originally 324-329, 329A added later.
Election Commission article?|Article 324|Establishes ECI.
ECI vested with?|Superintendence, direction, control of elections|Article 324(1).
Elections conducted for?|Parliament, state legislatures, President, Vice President|Article 324(1).
ECI consists of?|Chief Election Commissioner and other ECs|Article 324(2).
Number of ECs fixed by?|President|Currently CEC + 2 ECs.
Appointment of CEC and ECs by?|President|Article 324(2).
Tenure of CEC?|6 years or age 65|Whichever earlier.
Removal of CEC?|Same as Supreme Court judge|Impeachment.
Removal of EC?|On recommendation of CEC|Article 324(5).
Regional Commissioners article?|Article 324(4)|President may appoint.
No person to be ineligible for inclusion in electoral roll article?|Article 325|On grounds of religion, race, caste, sex.
One general electoral roll for?|Each constituency|No separate rolls.
Universal adult suffrage article?|Article 326|Elections on basis of adult suffrage.
Voting age originally?|21 years|Reduced to 18 by 61st Amendment 1988.
61st Amendment effective?|28 March 1989|Article 326 amended.
Power of Parliament to make laws article?|Article 327|For elections to legislatures.
Power of state legislature article?|Article 328|For state elections, subject to Parliament law.
Bar to court interference article?|Article 329|In electoral matters.
Article 329(a) bars?|Courts from questioning delimitation|Of constituencies.
Article 329(b) bars?|Election petitions except as provided by law|Through election tribunal.
Election disputes decided by?|High Courts|Under Representation of People Act 1951.
Appeal to?|Supreme Court|On questions of law.
Article 329A was?|Special provision for PM and Speaker|Inserted 39th Amendment 1975.
329A inserted after?|Indira Gandhi case|Allahabad HC verdict.
329A repealed by?|44th Amendment 1978|Restored equality.
Delimitation Commission established under?|Article 82 and 170|Not ECI.
ECI is independent constitutional body?|Yes|Article 324.
Functions of ECI include?|Preparation of rolls, conduct elections, model code, recognition of parties|Article 324.
Election Commissioners tenure protection ensures?|Independence|From executive.
Trick for Part XV|324 ECI, 325 No discrimination, 326 Adult suffrage, 327 Parliament law, 328 State law, 329 Bar courts|Key articles.
Trick for Ages|CEC 65, Vote 18|Memory aid.
[CHAPTER] Part XVI
Part XVI deals with?|Special provisions for SCs, STs, OBCs, Anglo-Indians|Protective discrimination.
Articles covered?|Articles 330 to 342A|Originally 330-342, later amendments.
Reservation of seats for SC/ST in Lok Sabha article?|Article 330|Proportion to population.
Reservation for SC/ST in State Assemblies article?|Article 332|State legislatures.
Reservation originally for?|10 years|Article 334.
Article 334 extended repeatedly?|Yes|Now extended to 2030 by 104th Amendment 2019.
Anglo-Indian nominated seats article?|Article 331|Lok Sabha by President.
Anglo-Indian in states article?|Article 333|Governor nomination.
104th Amendment 2019 did what?|Abolished Anglo-Indian nominations|From 2020.
Claims of SC/ST to services article?|Article 335|Consistent with efficiency.
Article 335 proviso added by?|82nd Amendment 2000|Relaxation in qualifying marks.
National Commission for SCs article?|Article 338|Constitutional body.
NCSC originally combined?|Yes|For SC and ST.
89th Amendment 2003 split into?|NCSC Article 338 and NCST Article 338A|Separate commissions.
NCST article?|Article 338A|National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
National Commission for Backward Classes article?|Article 338B|Added by 102nd Amendment 2018.
NCBC constitutional status from?|2018|Earlier statutory.
Control of Union over Scheduled Areas article?|Article 339|President may appoint commission.
Scheduled Areas and ST welfare commission?|First 1960 Dhebar|Second 2002.
Backward Classes Commission article?|Article 340|President appoints to investigate.
First Backward Classes Commission?|Kaka Kalelkar 1953|Second Mandal 1979.
Reservation for OBCs based on?|Article 15(4), 16(4)|Not Part XVI directly.
SCs definition article?|Article 341|President notifies by public notification.
STs definition article?|Article 342|President notifies.
Socially and Educationally Backward Classes article?|Article 342A|Added by 102nd Amendment 2018.
342A clarified by 105th Amendment 2021?|Yes|States can maintain own OBC lists.
President specifies SEBCs for?|Central purposes|After consultation with Governor.
Parliament can include or exclude from lists?|Yes|By law.
Special officer for linguistic minorities article?|Article 350B|Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities.
Article 350B not in Part XVI but related?|Correct|Placed in Part XVII.
Anglo-Indian definition article?|Article 366(2)|European descent, English mother tongue.
Reservation for SC/ST in services is?|Not mandatory quota but claims|Article 335.
Trick for Part XVI|330 Lok Sabha, 332 Assemblies, 334 Duration, 335 Services, 338 NCSC, 338A NCST, 338B NCBC, 340 BC Commission, 341 SC, 342 ST, 342A SEBC|Key articles.
Trick for Commissions|338 SC, 338A ST, 338B BC|Alphabetical order.
[CHAPTER] Part XVII
Part XVII deals with?|Official Language|Language of Union, states, courts.
Articles covered?|Articles 343 to 351|9 articles.
Part XVII divided into?|4 chapters|Union, regional, judiciary, special directives.
Official language of Union article?|Article 343(1)|Hindi in Devanagari script.
Form of numerals for Union?|International form of Indian numerals|Article 343(1).
Official language for 15 years from 1950?|English continued|Article 343(2).
Parliament can provide for use of English after 15 years?|Yes|Article 343(3).
Official Languages Act passed?|1963|English continued indefinitely.
Commission and Committee on Official Language article?|Article 344|President appoints.
Commission appointed every?|5 years initially, then 10 years|First 1955.
Parliamentary Committee reviews report?|Yes|30 members.
Language for Union-state communication article?|Article 346|Authorised language.
Hindi as link language between states?|Unless agreed otherwise|Article 346.
Official language of state article?|Article 345|State legislature decides.
States can adopt Hindi or regional language?|Yes|Article 345.
Uttar Pradesh first to adopt Hindi 1947?|Before Constitution|Later under 345.
Language for High Court proceedings article?|Article 348(1)|English.
Judgments and Acts to be in English?|Yes|Article 348(1)(a)(b).
Governor with President consent can authorise?|Hindi in High Court proceedings|Article 348(2).
Supreme Court language?|English only|Article 348(1)(a).
Parliament can provide otherwise?|Not yet done|Article 348(3).
Special procedure for language bills article?|Article 349|President sanction during first 15 years.
Language for authoritative texts article?|Article 348(3)|Translation in Hindi.
Facilities for instruction in mother tongue article?|Article 350A|Primary stage.
Article 350A added by?|7th Amendment 1956|After States Reorganisation.
Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities article?|Article 350B|President appoints.
350B added by?|7th Amendment 1956|Reports to President.
Direction for development of Hindi article?|Article 351|Union duty.
Hindi to develop from?|Sanskrit and other languages|Assimilating forms.
Eighth Schedule lists?|22 languages|Originally 14.
Languages added over time?|Sindhi 1967, Konkani Manipuri Nepali 1992, Bodo Dogri Maithili Santhali 2003|Total 22.
Classical languages status is?|Not constitutional|Government policy.
Article 351 places duty on?|Union|To promote Hindi.
Trick for Part XVII|343 Hindi Union, 344 Commission, 345 State, 346 Inter-state, 348 Courts English, 350A Mother tongue, 350B Linguistic minorities, 351 Develop Hindi|Key articles.
Trick for 8th Schedule 22|Original 14 + 8 added|S K M N B D M S memory aid.
[CHAPTER] Part XVIII
Part XVIII deals with?|Emergency Provisions|Centralization in crisis.
Articles covered?|Articles 352 to 360|9 articles.
Three types of emergencies?|National, State, Financial|Articles 352, 356, 360.
National Emergency article?|Article 352|Proclamation of Emergency.
Grounds for National Emergency?|War, external aggression, armed rebellion|Article 352(1).
Armed rebellion substituted for?|Internal disturbance|By 44th Amendment 1978.
Proclaimed by?|President|On written advice of Cabinet.
Cabinet advice mandatory after?|44th Amendment|Article 352(3).
Approval by Parliament within?|1 month|Article 352(4).
Earlier period was?|2 months|Reduced by 44th.
Approved by?|Special majority|Majority of total and 2/3 present voting.
Duration after approval?|6 months|Extendable.
Revocation by President anytime?|Yes|Article 352(2).
Lok Sabha can disapprove by?|Simple majority|Article 352(7).
Proclamation of Emergency 1962?|China war|External aggression.
1965 and 1971?|Pakistan wars|External.
1975?|Internal disturbance|Later termed armed rebellion.
Effects of National Emergency?|Centre-state relations change|Articles 353-354.
Centre can give directions on state subjects?|Yes|Article 353(a).
Parliament can legislate on state subjects?|Yes|Article 353(b).
Distribution of revenues can be modified?|Yes|Article 354.
Fundamental Rights suspension article?|Article 358 and 359|During 352.
Article 358 suspends?|Article 19 automatically|Only war/external aggression.
44th Amendment limited 358 to?|War and external aggression only|Not armed rebellion.
Article 359 suspends?|Enforcement of other FRs by President order|Except 20 and 21.
Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended?|Yes|By 44th Amendment.
State Emergency article?|Article 356|President's Rule.
Grounds for Article 356?|Failure of constitutional machinery in state|Article 356(1).
Also called?|Constitutional Emergency|State emergency.
Imposed on report of?|Governor or otherwise|President satisfied.
Approval by Parliament within?|2 months|Article 356(3).
Duration initially?|6 months|Maximum 3 years with approvals.
Extension beyond 1 year requires?|National Emergency and EC certification|Article 356(4) proviso.
44th Amendment reduced to?|1 year limit|Conditions.
SR Bommai case 1994 held?|Judicial review of 356|Secularism basic structure.
Effects of 356?|President assumes state executive, Parliament legislates|Article 356(1).
State Assembly can be?|Dissolved or suspended|President's discretion.
Article 357 provides for?|Parliament's legislative powers under 356|Can delegate.
President's Rule first used?|1951 Punjab|PEPSU.
Article 365 is?|Failure to comply with Centre directions|Grounds for 356.
State Emergency under Article 356 also called?|President's Rule|Common term.
Article 355 duty of Union?|To protect states against external aggression and internal disturbance|Article 355.
Article 355 justifies?|Centre intervention|Basis for 356.
Financial Emergency article?|Article 360|Provisions as to financial stability.
Grounds for 360?|Threat to financial stability or credit of India|Article 360(1).
Approval by Parliament within?|2 months|Article 360(2).
Duration?|Indefinite until revoked|No maximum.
Effects of 360?|Centre can direct states to reduce salaries, reserve money bills|Article 360(3)(4).
Salaries of judges can be reduced?|Yes|During financial emergency.
Has Financial Emergency been imposed?|Never|Not yet used.
Proclamation of emergency must be laid before?|Each House of Parliament|Article 352(4), 356(3), 360(2).
Trick for Part XVIII|352 National, 356 State, 360 Financial|3-5-6 sequence.
Trick for Effects|358 Auto 19, 359 President order except 20-21|FR suspension.
[CHAPTER] Part XIX
Part XIX deals with?|Miscellaneous provisions|Protection, special provisions.
Articles covered?|Articles 361 to 367|7 articles.
Protection of President and Governors article?|Article 361|Immunity from legal proceedings.
President or Governor not answerable to?|Any court|For official acts.
Criminal proceedings during term?|No|Article 361(2).
Civil proceedings allowed after?|2 months notice|Article 361(4).
Personal acts immunity?|Yes|During term.
Protection of publication of Parliament proceedings article?|Article 361A|Freedom of publication.
361A added by?|44th Amendment 1978|Protects press.
No liability for true reports of Parliament?|Yes|Article 361A(1).
Similar protection for state legislatures?|Yes|Article 361A applies.
Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post article?|Article 361B|Cooling-off.
361B added by?|91st Amendment 2003|Anti-defection related.
Bar on holding political post after?|Disqualification under 10th Schedule|Until term ends or 5 years.
Bar on courts in disputes from treaties article?|Article 363|Pre-Constitution treaties.
363 bars jurisdiction over?|Agreements with Indian princely states|By rulers.
Recognition of rulers abolished by?|26th Amendment 1971|Privy purses.
Article 363A added by?|26th Amendment 1971|Rulers recognition withdrawn.
Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes article?|Article 364|President can direct.
Article 364(1) empowers President to?|Declare area immune from state laws|For ports, aerodromes.
Effect of failure to comply with directions article?|Article 365|President's Rule ground.
Article 365 states?|Failure to comply with Union directions|Deemed breakdown.
Basis for Article 356 imposition?|Yes|Article 365 triggers.
Special provisions for states under Article 371?|Referenced in Article 371|Special status.
Definitions article?|Article 366|Defines terms.
Article 366(1) defines?|Agricultural income|For Constitution.
Article 366(2) defines?|Anglo-Indian|Now obsolete after 104th.
Article 366(4) defines?|Borrow|Includes raising money.
Article 366(12) defines?|Goods|Includes materials.
Article 366(25) defines?|Scheduled Castes|As per Article 341.
Article 366(26) defines?|Scheduled Tribes|As per Article 342.
Interpretation article?|Article 367|Application of General Clauses Act.
Article 367(1) applies?|General Clauses Act 1897|Unless context otherwise.
Article 367(4) special for J&K?|Abrogated after 2019|Earlier interpretation.
Trick for Part XIX|361 President immunity, 361A Press, 361B Cooling, 363 Treaties, 364 Ports, 365 Failure, 366 Definitions, 367 Interpretation|Key articles.
[CHAPTER] Part XX
Part XX deals with?|Amendment of Constitution|Procedure to change.
Articles covered?|Only Article 368|Single article part.
Article 368 provides?|Power of Parliament to amend and procedure|Constituent power.
Amendment can be initiated in?|Either House of Parliament|Not state legislature.
State legislatures cannot initiate?|Correct|Only Parliament.
Three types of amendment procedures?|Simple majority, special majority plus ratification|Derived from 368.
Simple majority amendments are?|Outside Article 368|By ordinary law.
Examples of simple majority?|New states, citizenship, 5th Schedule|Articles 2,3,4.
Special majority required by Article 368?|Majority of total membership and 2/3 present and voting|Each House separately.
Special majority plus ratification for?|Federal provisions|Article 368(2).
Ratification by?|At least half the state legislatures|Simple majority in states.
Federal provisions needing ratification include?|Election of President, Supreme Court, distribution of powers|Article 368(2)(a-e).
President must give assent to amendment bill?|Yes|Cannot withhold.
24th Amendment 1971 made assent?|Obligatory|Overruled Golaknath.
Basic Structure doctrine limits Article 368?|Yes|Kesavananda Bharati 1973.
Parliament cannot amend?|Basic structure|Judicial innovation.
Basic structure includes?|Supremacy, secularism, federalism, judicial review|Evolving list.
Article 368(1) grants?|Constituent power|Distinct from legislative.
Amendment bill does not need?|Prior President recommendation|Unlike money bills.
Joint sitting for amendment?|No|Article 108 not applicable.
If Houses disagree?|Bill lapses|No joint sitting.
Procedure steps?|Introduction, passage by special majority, ratification if needed, President assent|Article 368(2).
First Amendment 1951 added?|Ninth Schedule|Article 31B.
42nd Amendment 1976 called?|Mini-Constitution|Added Articles 368(4)(5).
42nd Amendment tried to?|Exclude judicial review of amendments|Articles 368(4)(5).
Minerva Mills 1980 struck down?|368(4)(5)|Judicial review basic.
Golaknath 1967 held?|Parliament cannot amend FRs|Overruled later.
24th Amendment 1971 restored?|Power to amend FRs|Article 368 expanded.
Article 368 is in Part XX not Part V?|Yes|Separate part for importance.
Amendment of Constitution is?|Neither law under Article 13|24th Amendment clarified.
Total amendments till 2026?|106 amendments|Last 106th 2023 women reservation.
Trick for Part XX|368 Only article, Special majority, Half states ratify federal, President must assent, Basic structure limit|Key points.
[CHAPTER] Part XXI
Part XXI deals with?|Temporary, transitional and special provisions|Bridge from British to Republic.
Articles covered?|Articles 369 to 392|Originally many, most repealed.
Most important surviving article?|Article 370 and 371 series|Special status.
Temporary power to Parliament article?|Article 369|For 5 years on state subjects.
Article 369 expired in?|1955|After 5 years.
President's power to remove difficulties article?|Article 392|During transition.
Article 392 used for?|Initial adaptation of laws|1950-52.
Special provision for Maharashtra and Gujarat article?|Article 371|Originally for Bombay.
Article 371 now covers?|Maharashtra and Gujarat|Separate development boards.
Article 371A special for?|Nagaland|1962 13th Amendment.
371A protects?|Naga religious, social practices, customary law|Parliament acts not apply unless Assembly agrees.
371B special for?|Assam|Tribal areas.
371C special for?|Manipur|Hill areas committee.
371D special for?|Andhra Pradesh and Telangana|1973 32nd Amendment.
371D provides?|Local cadres, equitable opportunities|Employment and education.
371E establishes?|Central University in Andhra|1973.
371F special for?|Sikkim|1975 36th Amendment.
Sikkim became state in?|1975|After referendum.
371G special for?|Mizoram|1986.
371H special for?|Arunachal Pradesh|1986.
371I special for?|Goa|1987.
371J special for?|Karnataka Hyderabad-Karnataka|2012 98th Amendment.
Article 370 special for?|Jammu and Kashmir|Temporary provision.
Article 370 granted?|Special autonomy|Own constitution.
Article 370 abrogated?|5 August 2019|Presidential Order C.O. 272.
J&K reorganized into?|Two UTs|J&K and Ladakh.
Article 370 now?|Inoperative|Though text remains.
Article 371 series purpose?|Address regional aspirations|Asymmetric federalism.
Temporary provisions for Anglo-Indians?|Articles 331, 333, 334|Extended then abolished 2019.
Article 372 continues?|Existing laws|Until altered.
Article 373 preventive detention?|President power|During emergency transition.
Most articles 369-378A repealed?|Yes|By 7th Amendment and others.
Article 392 power limited to?|First 3 years|Expired.
Trick for Part XXI|370 J&K now gone, 371 Maharashtra-Gujarat, 371A Nagaland, 371B Assam, 371C Manipur, 371D AP-Telangana, 371F Sikkim, 371G Mizoram, 371H Arunachal, 371I Goa, 371J Karnataka|Memory chain.
Trick for dates|1962 Nagaland, 1973 AP, 1975 Sikkim, 1986 Mizoram-Arunachal, 1987 Goa, 2012 Karnataka.
[CHAPTER] Part XXII
Part XXII deals with?|Short title, commencement, Hindi text, repeals|Closing provisions.
Articles covered?|Articles 393 to 395|Originally 393-395, later 394A added.
Short title article?|Article 393|Name of Constitution.
Article 393 states?|This Constitution may be called|Constitution of India.
Commencement article?|Article 394|Date of coming into force.
Article 394 provided?|Articles 5,6,7,8,9,60,324,366,367,379,380,388,391,392,393 came into force|On 26 Nov 1949.
Remaining Constitution came into force on?|26 January 1950|Republic Day.
Why 26 January?|Purna Swaraj Day 1930|Historical significance.
Authoritative text in Hindi article?|Article 394A|Added later.
394A added by?|58th Amendment 1987|Hindi translation authoritative.
394A authorises President to?|Publish Hindi translation|With modifications.
Repeals article?|Article 395|Repeals prior Acts.
Article 395 repealed?|Indian Independence Act 1947|And Government of India Act 1935.
Also repealed?|All other enactments amending those Acts|British laws.
Effect of Article 395?|Legal continuity broken|New sovereign Constitution.
Part XXII is last part?|Yes|Part 22 ends Constitution.
Total parts originally?|22 parts|Now 25 with additions.
Total articles originally?|395|Now 448+ with amendments.
Article 394A ensures?|Hindi version equal authority|For legal purposes.
Short title used in courts?|Constitution of India|Not Indian Constitution.
Trick for Part XXII|393 Name, 394 Date, 394A Hindi, 395 Repeal|NRDR memory aid.
[CHAPTER] Amendments
1st Amendment 1951 main changes?|Added Articles 31A, 31B, 9th Schedule; added reasonable restrictions to Article 19; inserted Article 15(4)|Land reforms shield
2nd Amendment 1952?|Readjusted Lok Sabha representation|One MP can represent more than 7,50,000
7th Amendment 1956?|Abolished Part A-B-C-D states; created 14 states and 6 UTs; common High Courts|States Reorganisation
9th Amendment 1960?|Ceded Berubari Union to Pakistan|Indo-Pak Agreement 1958
10th Amendment 1961?|Incorporated Dadra and Nagar Haveli|7th UT
12th Amendment 1962?|Incorporated Goa, Daman and Diu|Portuguese territories
13th Amendment 1962?|Created Nagaland as 16th state; added Article 371A|Special protection
14th Amendment 1962?|Incorporated Puducherry; created legislatures for UTs|Himachal, Manipur, Tripura
15th Amendment 1963?|Raised HC judges retirement 60 to 62; HC writs outside territory|Judicial reforms
18th Amendment 1966?|Clarified state includes UT in Article 3|Reorganisation power
19th Amendment 1966?|Abolished election tribunals|HCs to hear petitions
21st Amendment 1967?|Added Sindhi to 8th Schedule|15th language
24th Amendment 1971?|Parliament can amend any part including FRs; President must assent|Overruled Golaknath
25th Amendment 1971?|Inserted Article 31C; curtailed right to property|DPSP over FRs
26th Amendment 1971?|Abolished privy purses and privileges of princes|Articles 291, 362 omitted
31st Amendment 1973?|Increased Lok Sabha strength from 525 to 545|
35th Amendment 1974?|Made Sikkim Associate State|
36th Amendment 1975?|Made Sikkim full state; added Article 371F|
38th Amendment 1975?|Made emergency proclamations non-justiciable|
39th Amendment 1975?|PM and Speaker elections beyond judicial review; added Article 329A|
42nd Amendment 1976 Mini Constitution?|Added Socialist, Secular, Integrity to Preamble; added Fundamental Duties Part IVA; added Part XIVA Tribunals; extended Lok Sabha term 5 to 6 years; gave primacy to DPSP; moved 5 subjects to Concurrent List|Biggest amendment
44th Amendment 1978 reversal?|Restored 5-year term; replaced internal disturbance with armed rebellion; deleted Right to Property from FRs made it legal right Article 300A; Articles 20 and 21 non-suspendable|Corrective amendment
52nd Amendment 1985?|Anti-Defection Law; added 10th Schedule|
56th Amendment 1987?|Goa made full state|
58th Amendment 1987?|Authoritative Hindi text Article 394A|
61st Amendment 1989?|Reduced voting age 21 to 18|Article 326
69th Amendment 1991?|Delhi made NCT; Article 239AA with Assembly|
70th Amendment 1992?|Included Delhi and Puducherry MLAs in President election|
71st Amendment 1992?|Added Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali to 8th Schedule|
73rd Amendment 1992?|Panchayati Raj; added Part IX and 11th Schedule|
74th Amendment 1992?|Municipalities; added Part IXA and 12th Schedule|
76th Amendment 1994?|Placed Tamil Nadu 69% reservation in 9th Schedule|
77th Amendment 1995?|Restored SC/ST reservation in promotion Article 16(4A)|
81st Amendment 2000?|Backlog vacancies excluded from 50% ceiling Article 16(4B)|
82nd Amendment 2000?|Allowed relaxation in qualifying marks for SC/ST in promotion Article 335|
84th Amendment 2001?|Froze seats in Lok Sabha till 2026 based on 1971 census|
85th Amendment 2001?|Provided consequential seniority for SC/ST promotions|
86th Amendment 2002?|Made education fundamental right Article 21A; changed Article 45; added duty Article 51A(k)|
87th Amendment 2003?|Delimitation on basis of 2001 census|
88th Amendment 2003?|Provided for service tax Article 268A|Not enforced
89th Amendment 2003?|Split NCSC and NCST; Articles 338 and 338A|
91st Amendment 2003?|Limited Council of Ministers to 15% of House; strengthened anti-defection|
92nd Amendment 2003?|Added Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali to 8th Schedule|22 languages total
93rd Amendment 2005?|Enabled OBC reservation in private educational institutions Article 15(5)|
95th Amendment 2009?|Extended SC/ST seat reservation to 2020|
96th Amendment 2011?|Changed Orissa to Odisha|
97th Amendment 2011?|Gave constitutional status to cooperatives Part IXB; DPSP 43B|
98th Amendment 2012?|Special provisions for Karnataka Hyderabad-Karnataka Article 371J|
99th Amendment 2014?|Created NJAC for judges|Struck down by SC in 2015
100th Amendment 2015?|Ratified India-Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement|
101st Amendment 2016?|Introduced GST; added Articles 246A, 269A, 279A|
102nd Amendment 2018?|Gave constitutional status to NCBC Article 338B; Article 342A for SEBCs|
103rd Amendment 2019?|10% EWS reservation Articles 15(6) and 16(6)|
104th Amendment 2019?|Extended SC/ST reservation in legislatures to 2030; abolished Anglo-Indian nominated seats|
105th Amendment 2021?|Restored states power to identify OBCs|Clarified 342A
106th Amendment 2023?|Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam 33% women reservation in Lok Sabha and state assemblies|
[CHAPTER] Top 100 articles
Article 51A deals with?|Fundamental Duties|11 duties, added by 42nd Amendment
Article 14 deals with?|Equality before law and equal protection|Right to Equality
Article 352 deals with?|National Emergency|War, external aggression, armed rebellion
Article 80 deals with?|Composition of Rajya Sabha|Maximum 250 members
Article 21A deals with?|Right to Education|Free compulsory education 6-14 years
Article 163 deals with?|Council of Ministers to aid Governor|State executive
Article 124 deals with?|Establishment of Supreme Court|Appointment of judges
Article 15 deals with?|Prohibition of discrimination|Religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth
Article 280 deals with?|Finance Commission|Constituted every 5 years
Article 32 deals with?|Right to Constitutional Remedies|Heart and soul by Ambedkar
Article 343 deals with?|Official language of Union|Hindi in Devanagari
Article 356 deals with?|President's Rule in states|Failure of constitutional machinery
Article 19 deals with?|Six freedoms|Speech, assembly, association etc
Article 75 deals with?|Council of Ministers Union|PM appointed by President
Article 239AA deals with?|Special status of Delhi NCT|Assembly and CM
Article 44 deals with?|Uniform Civil Code|DPSP
Article 72 deals with?|President's pardoning power|Death sentence etc
Article 300A deals with?|Right to Property|Legal right, not FR
Article 17 deals with?|Abolition of Untouchability|FR
Article 246 deals with?|Subject matter of laws|Union, State, Concurrent Lists
Article 368 deals with?|Amendment of Constitution|Special majority procedure
Article 226 deals with?|High Court writs|Wider than Article 32
Article 61 deals with?|Impeachment of President|Procedure
Article 52 deals with?|Office of President|Head of Union
Article 26 deals with?|Freedom to manage religious affairs|FR
Article 324 deals with?|Election Commission|Superintendence of elections
Article 40 deals with?|Organisation of village panchayats|DPSP
Article 81 deals with?|Composition of Lok Sabha|Maximum 550
Article 338B deals with?|National Commission for Backward Classes|102nd Amendment
Article 341 deals with?|Scheduled Castes|President notifies
Article 1 deals with?|Name and territory of Union|India that is Bharat
Article 148 deals with?|Comptroller and Auditor General|CAG appointment
Article 21 deals with?|Protection of life and personal liberty|Widest FR
Article 213 deals with?|Governor's ordinance power|When legislature not in session
Article 330 deals with?|Reservation of seats for SC/ST in Lok Sabha|
Article 245 deals with?|Extent of laws by Parliament and states|Territorial jurisdiction
Article 110 deals with?|Definition of Money Bill|Lok Sabha speaker decides
Article 338 deals with?|National Commission for Scheduled Castes|
Article 20 deals with?|Protection in respect of conviction|Ex post facto, double jeopardy
Article 312 deals with?|All India Services|Rajya Sabha resolution
Article 39A deals with?|Equal justice and free legal aid|DPSP
Article 74 deals with?|Council of Ministers to aid President|PM at head
Article 153 deals with?|Office of Governor|One Governor for two or more states
Article 266 deals with?|Consolidated Fund and Public Account of India|
Article 263 deals with?|Inter-State Council|Coordination
Article 18 deals with?|Abolition of titles|Except military academic
Article 169 deals with?|Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils|State
Article 370 deals with?|Temporary provision for J&K|Abrogated 2019
Article 79 deals with?|Constitution of Parliament|President, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha
Article 360 deals with?|Financial Emergency|Never imposed
Article 24 deals with?|Prohibition of child labour|Below 14 in hazardous
Article 112 deals with?|Annual Financial Statement|Budget
Article 23 deals with?|Prohibition of human trafficking and forced labour|
Article 243K deals with?|State Election Commission for panchayats|
Article 243D deals with?|Reservation of seats in panchayats|SC/ST and women
Article 217 deals with?|Appointment of High Court judges|
Article 53 deals with?|Executive power of Union vested in President|
Article 48A deals with?|Protection of environment|DPSP
Article 214 deals with?|High Courts for states|
Article 326 deals with?|Elections on basis of adult suffrage|Voting age 18
Article 63 deals with?|Vice President of India|
Article 200 deals with?|Governor assent to bills|Options available
Article 76 deals with?|Attorney General of India|Highest law officer
Article 243B deals with?|Constitution of panchayats|Three tier
Article 25 deals with?|Freedom of conscience and religion|
Article 16 deals with?|Equality of opportunity in public employment|
Article 335 deals with?|Claims of SC/ST to services|Consistent with efficiency
Article 29 deals with?|Protection of minorities interests|Culture and language
Article 141 deals with?|Law declared by Supreme Court binding|On all courts
Article 13 deals with?|Laws inconsistent with FR void|Judicial review basis
Article 45 deals with?|Early childhood care and education|Originally 0-6 years
Article 49 deals with?|Protection of monuments|DPSP
Article 129 deals with?|Supreme Court as court of record|
Article 30 deals with?|Right of minorities to establish institutions|
Article 249 deals with?|Parliament power on State List in national interest|Rajya Sabha resolution
Article 54 deals with?|Election of President|Electoral college
Article 265 deals with?|Taxes not to be levied except by authority of law|
Article 262 deals with?|Adjudication of inter-state water disputes|
Article 22 deals with?|Protection against arrest and detention|Preventive detention safeguards
Article 50 deals with?|Separation of judiciary from executive|DPSP
Article 338A deals with?|National Commission for Scheduled Tribes|
Article 154 deals with?|Executive power of state vested in Governor|
Article 3 deals with?|Formation of new states|Parliament power
Article 332 deals with?|Reservation for SC/ST in state assemblies|
Article 12 deals with?|Definition of State|For Part III
Article 227 deals with?|High Court superintendence over subordinate courts|
Article 136 deals with?|Special leave to appeal by Supreme Court|
Article 340 deals with?|Backward Classes Commission|President appoints
Article 5 deals with?|Citizenship at commencement|26 Jan 1950
Article 123 deals with?|President ordinance power|
Article 315 deals with?|Public Service Commissions for Union and states|
Article 161 deals with?|Governor pardoning power|State offences
Article 248 deals with?|Residuary powers of legislation|Union Parliament
Article 371A deals with?|Special provision for Nagaland|Customary law protection
Article 320 deals with?|Functions of Public Service Commissions|
Article 342 deals with?|Scheduled Tribes|President notifies
Article 143 deals with?|President power to consult Supreme Court|Advisory jurisdiction
Article 165 deals with?|Advocate General for State|
Article 51 deals with?|Promotion of international peace|DPSP
Article 331 deals with?|Nomination of Anglo-Indians to Lok Sabha|Abolished by 104th
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