medival

[CHAPTER]Delhi Sultanate 1206–1526 AD FiveDynastiesOrder|Slave/Mamluk→Khilji→Tughlaq→Sayyid→Lodi Slave/MamlukDynasty|1206–1290 FounderSlaveDynasty|Qutub-ud-dinAibak TitleQutub-ud-dinAibak|LakhBaksh StartedQutubMinar|Qutub-ud-dinAibak BuiltQuwwat-ul-IslamMosque|Aibak AibakDied|1210PlayingChauganAtLahore RealFounderSlaveDynasty|Iltutmish CapitalShiftToDelhi|Iltutmish Chahalgani|GroupOf40TurkishNoblesByIltutmish CurrencyIltutmish|SilverTanka&CopperJital FirstWomanRuler|RaziaSultan1236–1240 LastMajorMamlukRuler|Balban BalbanTheoryKingship|DivineRightKingShadowOfGod CourtPracticesBalban|Sijda=Prostration,Paibos=KissingFeet MilitaryDeptBalban|Diwan-i-Arz EndedSlaveDynasty|1290ByJalaluddinKhilji KhiljiDynasty|1290–1320 FounderKhilji|JalaluddinKhilji MostImportantKhilji|AlauddinKhilji1296–1316 DagSystem|AlauddinBrandingOfHorses ChehraSystem|AlauddinDescriptiveRollOfSoldiers MarketReformsAlauddin|PriceControlFourMarkets MarketOfficer|Shahna-i-Mandi SecretSpies|AlauddinBarid&Munhiyans KharajTaxAlauddin|50%OfProduce Biswa|UnitForLandMeasurement ConstructionAlauddin|AlaiDarwaza,SiriFort,ExpandedQutubMinar MongolPolicyAlauddin|BuiltGarrisonTowns&StrongArmy SouthernExpeditionGeneral|MalikKafur MalikKafurTitles|HazarDinari,MalikNaib EndedKhiljiDynasty|1320ByKhusrauKhan TughlaqDynasty|1320–1414 FounderTughlaq|GhiyasuddinTughlaq Built|TughlaqabadFort MostControversial|MuhammadbinTughlaq1325–1351 CapitalShift|DelhiToDaulatabad1327,Failed TokenCurrency|Brass&CopperCoins,Failed TaxDoab|IncreasedTaxInGangaYamunaDoab,FailedDueToFamine AgricultureDept|Diwan-i-KohiByMuhammadbinTughlaq RevoltMuhammadTughlaq|99Rebellions,StartOfDisintegration FirozShahTughlaq|1351–1388 IrrigationFiroz|Built5MajorCanals NewDepartmentsFiroz|Diwan-i-Khairat=Charity,Diwan-i-Bandagan=Slaves TaxFiroz|Haque-i-Sharb=IrrigationTax,JizyaOnNonMuslims BuiltFiroz|Firozabad,Jaunpur,Fatehabad,Hissar LastTughlaq|Nasir-ud-dinMahmud TimurInvasion|1398DuringNasir-ud-dinMahmud SayyidDynasty|1414–1451 FounderSayyid|KhizrKhan ClaimedToBe|DescendantOfProphetSayyid WeakestDynasty|Sayyid,OnlyRuledDelhi&Surroundings LastSayyid|Ala-ud-dinAlamShah LodiDynasty|1451–1526 FounderLodi|BahlulLodi FirstAfghanDynasty|LodiDynasty SikandarLodi|1489–1517 FoundedAgra|SikandarLodi1504 MeasurementSikandar|Gaz-i-Sikandari=32inchYard RevenuePolicySikandar|AbolishedCessesOnGrain LastSultanDelhi|IbrahimLodi1517–1526 IbrahimLodiNature|Arrogant,ConflictWithNobles FirstBattlePanipat|1526 Panipat1526|BaburDefeatedIbrahimLodi EndDelhiSultanate|1526,StartOfMughalEmpire [CHAPTER] Mughal Empire(1526–1707) Founder|Babur Battle Panipat(1526)|Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi,used Tulughma&Tulughma tactics,gunpowder artillery introduced Battle Khanwa(1527)|Babur defeated Rana Sanga,established Mughal supremacy in North India Battle Chanderi(1528)|Defeated Medini Rai Battle Ghagra(1529)|Defeated Afghan forces of Bengal Babur memoir|Tuzuk-i-Baburi(Baburnama) Nature of Babur rule|Military based,not consolidated Successor|Humayun Defeat by|Sher Shah Suri at Battle of Kannauj(1540) Sher Shah reforms|Grand Trunk Road(Peshawar→Kolkata),Rupee currency standardization,efficient administration Administrative units|Sarkar,Pargana Land revenue system|Measured land(Zabt precursor) Humayun exile|Persia support from Shah Tahmasp Restoration|1555 regained Delhi Death Humayun|Fell from stairs of library Greatest ruler|Akbar Regent early rule|Bairam Khan Second Battle Panipat(1556)|Akbar defeated Hemu Policy Akbar|Sulh-i-kul(universal tolerance) Mansabdari system|Rank(Zat)and cavalry(Sawar),centralized bureaucracy Revenue system|Zabt system by Todar Mal Administrative divisions|Suba,Sarkar,Pargana,Village Navratnas|Birbal,Tansen,Abul Fazl,Faizi,Raja Todar Mal,Raja Man Singh,Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khana Religious policy|Din-i-Ilahi(1582),no forced conversions Abolished taxes|Jizya,Pilgrimage tax Expansion|Rajput alliance,Gujarat,Bengal,Deccan Court historian|Abul Fazl(Ain-i-Akbari,Akbarnama) Successor|Jahangir Real name|Salim Chain of justice|Zanjir-i-Adl Nur Jahan influence|High political control Golden age painting|Mughal miniature art peak British contact|East India Company embassy(Thomas Roe) Successor|Shah Jahan Golden age architecture|Peak Mughal architecture Taj Mahal|Built at Agra in memory of Mumtaz Mahal Red Fort|Delhi Jama Masjid|Delhi Peacock Throne|Symbol of wealth Architecture style|White marble,inlay work Last powerful ruler|Aurangzeb Policy|Orthodox Sunni rule Reimposed tax|Jizya Deccan campaigns|Bijapur,Golkonda annexed Longest reign|1658–1707 Expansion|Largest territorial extent Administrative strain|Over-expansion Religious conflicts|Temple destruction,opposition Decline reasons|Weak successors,regional revolts,Maratha rise after Aurangzeb [CHAPTER] Vijayanagara Empire(1336–1646) Founder|Harihara I&Bukka Raya I Founded year|1336 Founded place|Hampi(on Tungabhadra river) Founder guidance|Vidyaranya Purpose|Defend South India from invasions Capital|Vijayanagara(Hampi) Dynasties|Sangama,Saluva,Tuluva,Aravidu First dynasty|Sangama Most powerful dynasty|Tuluva Greatest ruler|Krishnadevaraya Reign period|1509–1529 Title|Andhra Bhoja,Karnataka Simha Empire peak|Under Krishnadevaraya Military success|Defeated Bahmani successors,Orissa rulers Administration|Efficient,centralized with Nayankara system Nayankara system|Military governors(Nayaks) given land Economy|Agriculture,trade,irrigation tanks Foreign travelers|Domingo Paes,Fernão Nuniz Literary work|Amuktamalyada(Telugu) Language patronage|Telugu,Sanskrit,Kannada,Tamil Court scholars|Ashtadiggajas Famous poet|Allasani Peddana Cultural growth|Temple architecture,art,literature Architecture style|Dravidian style Famous temple|Vitthala temple,Hampi Battle of Talikota|1565 Opponents|Deccan Sultanates Result|Defeat of Vijayanagara Aftermath|Capital destroyed Decline reason|Internal weakness,external invasion [CHAPTER] Bahmani Kingdom(1347–1527) Founder|Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah Original name|Hasan Gangu Founded year|1347 Founded region|Deccan(Gulbarga) First capital|Gulbarga Later capital|Bidar Dynasty type|Deccan Sultanate Administrative divisions|Tarafs(provinces) Important ruler|Mahmud Gawan Mahmud Gawan reforms|Land measurement,efficient revenue system Education center|Madrasa at Bidar Foreign trade|Persia,Arab regions Language used|Persian Main conflict|Vijayanagara Empire Region of conflict|Raichur Doab Raichur Doab location|Between Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers Reason conflict|Fertile land,strategic control Frequent wars|Bahmani vs Vijayanagara Outcome wars|Region changed hands multiple times Decline of Bahmani|After death of Mahmud Gawan Reason decline|Internal conflicts,weak rulers Successor states|Bijapur,Ahmadnagar,Golconda,Berar,Bidar [CHAPTER] Maratha Empire Founder of Maratha power|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Birth of Shivaji|1630 at Shivneri Fort Coronation|1674 at Raigad Title|Chhatrapati Capital|Raigad Guru of Shivaji|Samarth Ramdas Mother of Shivaji|Jijabai Military system|Guerrilla warfare(Ganimi Kava) Forts control|Torna,Rajgad,Sinhagad,Raigad First conquest|Torna Fort Enemy powers|Mughals,Adilshahi,Qutubshahi Treaty of Purandar|1665 with Raja Jai Singh I Escape from Agra|1666 Navy development|Strong naval force on west coast Admiral title|Darya Sarang Administrative system|Ashtapradhan Meaning Ashtapradhan|Council of 8 ministers Peshwa|Prime Minister Amatya|Finance Minister Sachiv|Secretary Mantri|Interior intelligence Senapati|Military head Sumant|Foreign affairs Nyayadhish|Chief justice Panditrao|Religious head Revenue system|Efficient land revenue Main taxes|Chauth,Sardeshmukhi Chauth|25% tax from other territories Sardeshmukhi|10% additional tax Land revenue basis|Measurement of land Policy|Welfare oriented rule Successors of Shivaji|Sambhaji,Rajaram,Tarabai Rise of Peshwas|After Shivaji Famous Peshwa|Balaji Vishwanath Expansion under|Baji Rao I Peak Maratha power|18th century Third Battle of Panipat|1761 Opponent|Ahmad Shah Abdali Result|Decline of Marathas [CHAPTER] Bhakti and Sufi Movements Bhakti movement|Devotion to God Time period|Medieval India Aim Bhakti|Equality,devotion over rituals Type Bhakti|Nirguna,Saguna Nirguna bhakti|Formless God Saguna bhakti|God with form Famous saint|Kabir Teachings Kabir|Against caste,rituals Book Kabir|Bijak Doha style|Simple language Founder Sikhism|Guru Nanak Teachings Nanak|One God,equality Holy book Sikhism|Guru Granth Sahib Famous devotee|Mirabai Devotion Mirabai|Lord Krishna Philosopher|Adi Shankaracharya Philosophy|Advaita(Non-dualism) Concept Advaita|Brahman=Atman Mathas established|4 mathas Sufi movement|Mysticism in Islam Aim Sufi|Love,peace,unity Sufi order|Silsila Famous Silsila|Chisti,Suhrawardi Chisti order saint|Nizamuddin Auliya Teachings Chisti|Love,tolerance Music practice|Qawwali Suhrawardi order|Orthodox Sufi order Spread areas|Punjab,Multan Difference Bhakti-Sufi|Bhakti Hindu origin,Sufi Islamic origin [CHAPTER] Important Historical Books Baburnama author|Babur Baburnama language|Turkish Other name Baburnama|Tuzuk-i-Baburi Content Baburnama|Autobiography,politics,culture,geography Ain-i-Akbari author|Abul Fazl Part of book|Akbarnama(3rd part) Content Ain-i-Akbari|Administration,economy,Mansabdari system Court historian of Akbar|Abul Fazl Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi author|Ziauddin Barani Period covered|Delhi Sultanate Content Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi|History of rulers,policies Importance|Primary historical source [CHAPTER] Foreign Travelers to India Ibn Battuta origin|Morocco Period Ibn Battuta|14th century Came during|Muhammad bin Tughlaq Position|Qazi at Delhi Book Ibn Battuta|Rihla Content Rihla|Administration,society,economy Travel route|Africa→Middle East→India Nicolo Conti origin|Italy Period Nicolo Conti|15th century Visited during|Vijayanagara period Regions visited|South India Account focus|Trade,culture,society Francois Bernier origin|France Period Bernier|17th century Came during|Aurangzeb Profession|Physician Account focus|Mughal administration,economy,society [CHAPTER] Monuments & Builders Qutub Minar started by|Qutb-ud-din Aibak Qutub Minar completed by|Iltutmish Buland Darwaza built by|Akbar Buland Darwaza location|Fatehpur Sikri Fatehpur Sikri built by|Akbar Red Fort Delhi built by|Shah Jahan Jama Masjid Delhi built by|Shah Jahan Taj Mahal built by|Shah Jahan Taj Mahal location|Agra Agra Fort built by|Akbar Humayun Tomb built by|Haji Begum Charminar built by|Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah Charminar location|Hyderabad Gol Gumbaz built by|Muhammad Adil Shah Gol Gumbaz feature|Largest dome Sun Temple Konark built by|Narasimhadeva I Meenakshi Temple patron|Nayak rulers Hampi monuments built by|Vijayanagara rulers